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Theory of Knowledge (Evaluating resources (Accuracy (Comprehensive,…

- - - - History
      - Ethics
        
        Ethics vs. Morals
        
        Morals: behavior and values (right/wrong)
        
        Not universal
        
        Nurture
        
        Nature
        
        Self-interest Theory
        
        Evolutionary Argument
        
        Hidden Benefits Argument
        
        Definitional Argument
        
        Fear of Punishment Argument
        
        Moral Machine
        
        Hypothetical vs. Real-life situation
        
        Ethics: the study of behavior and values
        
        Moral relativism
        
        Our values are determined by the society we grow up in
        
        Moral inconsistency
        
        Utilitarianism
        
        Outcome
        
        Virtue Ethics
        
        Person
        
        Deontology
        
        Action
        
        Divine Command Theory
      - Mathematics
      - Natural Sciences
        
        Pseudo-science
        
        Crystology
        
        Astrology
        
        Acupuncture
        
        Feng Shui
        
        Graphology
        
        Creationism
        
        Refuses evidence
        
        Science
        
        Physics
        
        Psychology
        
        Biology
        
        Chemistry
        
        Scientific Method
        
        Hypothesis
        
        Confirmation bias
        
        Karl Popper: Falsification
        
        Law
        
        Problem with induction
        
        Observation
        
        Expectation
        
        Observer effect
        
        Selectivity
        
        Induction
        
        Experiment
        
        Measurement
        
        Repeatability
        
        Theory
      - Human Sciences
        
        Observer and what is being observed
        
        Observer effect
        
        Consciousness
        
        Scientific method
        
        Observation
        
        Covert
        
        Overt
        
        To go native
        
        Observer effect
        
        The observer effect
        
        Questionnaires may be misleading
        
        We cannot observe people's minds
        
        Experimentation
        
        Ethics
        
        Measurement
        
        Some lack accuracy and way of measuring
        
        Social phenomena are hard to measure
        
        Law, theories, trends
        
        Hasty generalizations
        
        WEIRD samples
      - Indigenous knowledge systems
      - Religious knowledge systems
      - Arts
        
        Art
        
        Intentions
        
        Aesthetic response in the audience
        
        Quality
        
        Skill, intrinsic quality
        
        Criticism
        
        Kitsch
        
        Man-made
        
        Response of spectators
        
        Time reverses judgement of the foolish crowd
        
        Canon
        
        Non-art
    - - Reason
        
        Uses logic, comparison and experience
        
        Rationalism
        
        Reason is the most important WOK
        
        Certainty
        
        Deductive reasoning
        
        From general to particular
        
        deductive argument = syllogism; if a=b and b=c, then a=c
        
        Validity
        
        Conclusion follows logically from the premises
        
        Truth
        
        The premises are true and the argument itself is valid
        
        Venn diagram
        
        Enthymeme
        
        an incomplete argument in which one of the premises is assumed but not stated
        
        Belief bias
        
        The tendency to think an argument is valid simply because you agree with the conclusion
        
        Made up of:
        
        Two premises, one conclusion, three terms which occur twice and quantifiers
        
        Less informative
        
        More certain
        
        Inductive reasoning
        
        Observed to unobserved: inductive inference
        
        Generalizations
        
        From particular to general
        
        More informative
        
        Less certain
        
        Criteria
        
        Exceptions
        
        Coherence
        
        Variety
        
        Subject area
        
        Fallacies: logic is employed incorrectly
        
        Invalid syllogism (false)
        
        Deductive reasoning
        
        Numbers
        
        Hasty generalization
        
        Inductive reasoning
        
        Post hoc ergo procter hoc
        
        Because B happens after A, A must have caused B
        
        Ad hominem
        
        Circular reasoning
        
        Loaded question
        
        Black-or-white
        
        Special pleading
        
        False analogy
        
        Appeal to emotion
        
        Slippery slope
        
        Red herring
        
        Bandwagon
        
        Appeal to authority
        
        Special pleading
        
        Tu quoque
        
        Personal incredulity
        
        Lateral Thinking
      - Imagination
      - Emotion
        
        Obstacle to knowledge
        
        Twisted reasoning
        
        Rationalisation
        
        Just-world hypothesis
        
        Risk assessment
        
        Evolutionary past
        
        Control
        
        Immediacy
        
        Unknown
        
        Salience
        
        Irrational behavior
        
        Stoicism
        
        Apathy
        
        Distort perception
        
        Negativity bias
        
        Fundamental attribution error
        
        Dispositional factors
        
        Internal attribution
        
        1 more item...
        
        Situational factors
        
        External attribution
        
        1 more item...
        
        Cognitive
        
        Dissonance
        
        Consonance
        
        Source of Knowledge
        
        Rational emotions
        
        Appropriate
        
        Proportionate
        
        Source of values
        
        Emotional illumination
        
        Primary emotions
        
        Fear
        
        Surprise
        
        Sadness
        
        Anger
        
        Happiness
        
        Disgust
        
        Secondary emotions
        
        Composed of more than one primary emotion
        
        Guilt
        
        Jealousy
        
        Pride
        
        James-Lange Theory
        
        Emotions are physical
        
        Emotional contagion
        
        Criticism
        
        Beliefs alter emotion
        
        Emotional intelligence
        
        Culture shapes emotions
        
        Emotional energy
        
        10 year rule (10000 hours)
      - Intuition
      - Language
        
        How to distinguish between meaningless or meaningful words
        
        Definition theory
        
        Denotation theory
        
        Image theory
        
        Features
        
        Intended
        
        Creative and open-ended
        
        Rule-governed
        
        Translation
        
        Criteria
        
        Back translation
        
        Comprehensibility
        
        Faithfulness
        
        Problems
        
        Context
        
        Idiom
        
        Untranslatable words
        
        Shapes the way we think
        
        Gender
        
        Color
        
        Causality
        
        Grammar
        
        Space
        
        Time
        
        Sapir-whorf hypothesis
        
        Linguistic relativity
        
        different from linguistic determinism (language is universal)
        
        Communication
      - Memory
      - Sense perception
        
        Illusions
        
        Context
        
        Figure and ground
        
        Visual grouping
        
        Expectations
        
        Illusions with other senses
        
        Brain function (visual agnosia)
        
        Selectivity
        
        Interests
        
        Culture
        
        Senses
        
        Three
        
        Mechanical
        
        Chemical
        
        Light
        
        Nine
        
        Taste
        
        Touch
        
        Smell
        
        Proprioception
        
        Equilibroception
        
        Interoception
        
        Termoception
        
        Sound
        
        Sight
        
        Five
        
        Touch
        
        Taste
        
        Sound
        
        Smell
        
        Sight
      - Faith
    - - Under what circumstance
      - What role does
      - To what extent
      - How far
      - How
    - - Belief
      - Evidence
      - Certainty/uncertainty
      - Faith
      - Reliability
      - Value
      - Bias
      - Culture
      - Validity
      - Truth
        
        Coherence
        
        Correspondence
      - Justification
      - Limitation
      - Empiricism
      - Knowledge ~Justified true belief
      - Experience
      - Interpretation
      - Method
      - Explanation
- - - - Authority worship
      - Power distortions
      - Groupthink
      - Fragmentation
  - - - Practical knowledge
      - Knowledge by acquaintance
    - - Knowledge by description
    - - Bias
      - Peer pressure
      - Fantasy
      - Apathy
      - Ignorance
      - Towards objectivity