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cells (prokaryotes (structure (pilli, flagella, nucleoid region（DNA）拟核,…

- - - - associated with DNA during cell division
      - helps form new cell walls
    - - sex
        change DNA
- - - - centriole/ centrosome
      - cell membrane
      - ribosomes
      - nucleus
        LARGEST organelle
        surrounded by nuclear membrane
        connected to ER
        
        chromatin 染色质
        
        nucleolus
        
        nuclear envelope 核膜，核被膜
      - ER
        
        rough ER
        
        functions
        1.production&packaging of proteins
        2.collection,storage&transport of materials
        
        smooth ER
        
        no ribosomes
        site of lipid synthesis （场所）
      - flagellum
      - peroxisome 过氧化物酶体
        （脂双层膜+拟晶体核（不总是存在））
        通过自我复制产生
        用于除去有害物质（类似于溶酶体）
      - microvilli 微绒毛
      - cytoskeleton
        
        microfilaments 微丝（由肌动蛋白Action组成）
        
        intermediate filaments
        
        microtubules
      - lysosome
        
        function
        release enzymes to destroy worn-out organelles；
        phagocytosis,exocytosis；
        cause the cell to self-destruct（autolysis）自溶
      - plasma membrane
        质膜，细胞膜
      - golgi apparatus
        
        function
        receives and modifies molecules from the ER that need to be secreted（分泌） from the cell
        
        assembling glycoproteins（汇编）
        
        transporting&storing lipids
        
        formation of lysosomes
        
        production of digestive enzymes
    - - plasma membrane
      - chloroplast
        uneven distribution
        
        structure
        double membrane;
        inside is the fluid stroma & granum（stacks of thylakoids）
        基质和基粒（类囊体：增大了叶绿体的膜面积）
        thylakoid - contains chlorophyll 叶绿素
        
        function
        site of photosynthesis
      - plasmodesma 胞间连丝，原生质丝
        （贯穿细胞壁的特有孔道，可让细胞质相互流通）
      - cell wall
      - vacuole
        
        structure
        large,permanent（永久的，固定的）
        bounded by tonoplast（液泡膜）
        
        contains cell sap
        
        function
        act as food stores;
        accumulate waste products（积累）;
        contain pigments（天然色素）;
        help maintain turgidity（膨压，使植物细胞维持基本形状）
    - - structure
        2membranes
      - function
        site of aerobic respiration
        （creat ATP）
      - cristae 线粒体嵴
        
        creat ATP
      - matrix 线粒体基质
        
        contains ribosomes and loops of DNA
        （enables mitochondria to replicate themselves when cell divide）
    - - site of protein synthesis
    - - structure
        
        microtubules
        
        centrosome
      - function
        
        produce spindle to assist movement of chromosomes