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Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration (Midterm 2) (There are many different…
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration (Midterm 2)
Pyruvate
With oxygen present, is converted into acetyl-CoA
Without oxygen, leads to Fermentation
Fermentation: Partial oxidation of complex carbon-containing molecules to molecules that are less oxidized than CO2.
There are many different types of fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation: Electrons from NADH are transferred to pyruvate to produce lactic acid and NAD+
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Phosphorous → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP + 2H2O
Occurs in animals and bacteria
Ethanol Fermentation: Pyruvate releases carbon dioxide to form acetaldehyde & electrons from NADH are transferred to acetaldehyde to produce ethanol and NAD+.
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 ethanol + 2CO2 + 2 ATP + 2H2O
Occurs in plants and fungi
Only 2 molecules of ATP are yielded through fermentation
Glucose is stored in two major forms
Glycogen: Large, branched chain of glucose molecules attached to central protein
Starch: Branched chain of glucose molecules
Sugars
Monosaccharides:
Fructose
Mannose
Galactose
Disaccharides:
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
β-(beta-)oxidation: Process of shortening fatty acids by sequentially removing two carbon units from their ends
Doesn't produce ATP, but releases electron carriers
ATP levels affect the rate/direction of cellular respiration
PFK-1:
Inhibited by ATP, slowing down glycolysis
Activated by ADP and AMP, causing glycolysis to speed up