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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) (Skull Fractures (Linear or depressed, Closed…

- - - - Intracerebral Bleeding within the brain tissue; Usually within frontal and temporal lobes; Associated with contusions or lacerations, Headache, decreasing LOC, pupil dilation
      - Subdural Blood collects between dura mater and arachnoid mater; Most common source is veins that drain the brain surface into sagittal sinus but can also be arterial Acute within 24 to 48 hours of injury; symptoms related to increased ICP; decreased LOC and headache; Ipsilateral pupil dilated and fixed if severe Chronic Weeks or months after injury; common in older adults; presents as focal symptoms; mistaken for dementia, slowed thinking and confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, headache; Pupil changes & Seizures
      - Epidural Blood collects between dura and skull; Expansion pulls dura away from skull; neurologic emergency; Venous origin slow & Arterial origin rapid; initial period of unconsciousness, brief lucid interval followed by decrease in LOC; Headache, nausea, vomiting; Focal findings and requires rapid evacuation
  - - - Visual disturbances- Diplopia, blurred vision; Possible seizure activity w/ transient apnea, bradycardia, pallor, hypotension Post Concussion Syndrome persistent headache, dizziness, irritability and insomnia, impaired memory and concentration, learning problems