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The Knowing Mind (Long Term Memory (LTM) (Rehearsal (Elaborate Rehearsal…

- - - - Linking material to already known information
      - more effective way to make material permanent
      - Benefits explained through the Levels of Processing Theory
      - Levels of Processing theory
        
        mnemonics are more meaningful than a plain definition
    - - Simple repetition of material
  - - - Easy to "declare" or discuss verbally
      - explicit Memories
        
        typically accessed in conscious, direct, and effortful manners
      - types of Declarative Memories
        
        Semantic
        
        general knowledge, word meanings, and facts
        
        what is a churro?
        
        what is the longest bone?
        
        Spread across the Cerebral Cortex
        
        naming animals are in occipital b/c you visualize them
        
        naming tools are in motor cortex b/c you explain with hand motions
        
        Episodic
        
        more personal accounts , experiences, etc
        
        Usually time gives away that it is episodic not semantic
        
        when i was 9, i ate grilled chicken
        
        Autobiographical Memories- blending of semantic and episodic memories
        
        connections in amygdala and hippocampus are stronger if there's autobiographical memories
        
        episodic memories are effected by damaged prefrontal cortexes
        
        amnesia can be caused by damage here
      - The hippocampus is used to create NEW memories
        
        disease where you cant form new memories, Antrograde Amnesia
    - - Difficult to discuss
      - implicit memories
      - affect our subconscious, effortless, indirect ways
      - we know the outcome, but the reasons for that outcome are harder to determine
      - types of nondeclarative memories
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Priming
        
        exposure to something, changes a subsequent stimulus
        
        hearing polite words, will make you more likely to be nice to the interviewer.
        
        our actions are influenced by advertises, people, actions, etc
        
        when you see words that are related you can connect and be influence by them faster than if they are not.
        
        Procedural memories
        
        skill memories
        
        driving a car
        
        Automate our performance
        
        if it is learned wrong, it will be hard to correct
        
        Process with the Basal ganglion, forebrain, and motor systems
        
        Parkinson and Huntington diseases degrade ganglion, and they cannot learn new processes efficently
  - - - every connection can differ in strength depending on the link with that memory
- - - - CIAFBIEPA --> CIA, FBI, EPA
- - - - could take minutes or hours
    - - interference b/c of previous learning
    - - interference based on future learning
  - - - failure to retrieve memories b/c the were of threatening or unpleasant times
        
        can be so extreme as original is lost
- - - - Stored for several seconds (short term memory/ working memory)
      - Stored indefinitely (long term memory)
      - Stored for fractions of seconds (sensory information)
    - - Because the brain has to reconstruct the memory, errors can occur
  - - - "the information is encoded into neurological pathways"
        they could be encoded into visual, sounds, or meaningful memorues
  - - - Interference
      - Stress
- - - - Only remains for a second or less
        
        Compared to an "echo", b/c they are gone so soon, a "fade" of info
  - - - come from visual information
      - Known as iconic Memories
    - - Process touch and other body senses
    - - Sounds and words
      - Known as Echoic Memories
        
        last longer than Visual codes
- - - - Auditory and Verbal information
    - - Visual and spatial information
        
        aids in describing, planning, mind-mapping events, info, etc
    - - mechanism to combine info in LTM, chunking
    - - Manages other 3 forms, directs info to the right sector, enables use of multiple parts at the same time
        
        as you write down a phone number, you can plan a driving route, and understand the teachers lessons