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Cellular Respiration and Fermination Continue (Fermentation (Generates ATP…
Cellular Respiration and Fermination Continue
Oxidative phosphorylation: Linkage of ETC and Chemiosmosis
Electron Transport Chain: Made up of proteins complexes of electron carriers
NADH and FADH2 go down the chain to produce water as an output
Most are pumps against the concentration gradient (proton gradient that fuels the ATP synthase)
NADH transfers e- to the first molecule in ETC
FADH2 transfers e- to a later point in ETC
Both have less free energy and decreases as it moves down the process. NADH starts with more free energy at first
Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase takes the H+ fro out the cell to into the cell and produces ATP
ATP Synthase: Makes ATP from ADP and Pi
Uses the energy of the proton gradient = chemiosmosis
Summary of Cellular Respiration:
Glycolysis:
Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH or 2 FADH2
Citric Acid:
Acetyl CoA -> 2 ATP, 6 NADH 2 FADH2
Oxidate Phosphorylation:
2 NADH, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2-> 26-28 ATP total is 30/32 ATP
Fermentation
Generates ATP in absence of oxygen and ETC
e- acceptors recycled
Electrons passed to organic molecules
ATP generated only substrates level phosphorylation
Types: Alcohol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
Patrick: Lost of ATP was the most critical for Patrick's paralysis
Lactate (lactic acid) and pyruvate accumulated in his blood.
Acidosis led to hyperventilation, muscle pain and weakness, abdominal pain and nausea
What Happened to Patrick
He inherited a mutation leading to a disease called pyruvate dehydrogenase complex disease. PDCD is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA inside the mitochondria.
The brain depends on glucose as fuel PDCD degenerates gray matter in the brain
Pyruvate accumulates, leading to alanine and acetate accumulation int he blood: lactate acidosis
Treatment for PDH deficiency
Dichloroacetate (DCA) blocks the enzyme that converts PDH from active to inactive forms where the PDH remains in active form
Anaerobic respiration (some prokaryotes)
Generate ATP without oxygen
ETC i cell membrane with molecule other than oxygen at e- acceptor (SO42-, nitrate, nitrous oxide