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14.1 (Age of Faith (Problems in the Church (Some priests were nearly…

- - - - Many village priests married and had families. Such marriages were against Church rulings.
        
        Bishops sold positions in the Church, a practice called simony.
        
        Using the practice of lay investiture, kings appointed church bishops. Church reformers believed the church alone should appoint bishops.
        
        Simony
        
        What is Simony?
        
        Conflict
      - What was the major problem reformers objected to in the church?
        
        Many village priests married and had families. Simony (Bishops sold positions in the church). The practice of lay investiture was used.
  - - - The popes who followed Leo and Gregory reorganized the Church to continue the policy of reform.
        
        In the 1100's and 1200's, the Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom, with the pope at its head. The pope's group of advisors was called the papal Curia. The Curia also acted as a court.
        
        It developed canon law (the law of the Church) on matters such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The Curia also decided cases based on these laws.
        
        Diplomats for the pope traveled through Europe dealing with bishops and kings. In this way the popes established their authority throughout Europe.
        
        The Church collected taxes in the form of tithes.
        
        These consumes one-tenth the yearly income from every Christian family.
        
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        Government Systems
        
        What branches in the US government did the Papal Curia resemble?
        
        It resembles the judicial branch because it acted as a court.
        
        Change
  - - - To do so, they established new religious orders. Influenced by the religious devotion and reverence for God shown by the new monasteries, the popes began to reform the Church.
        
        They restored and expanded its power and authority. A new age of religious feeling was born - the Age of Faith. Still many problems troubled the Church.
        
        Change
      - Change
  - - - Instead, they preached to the poor throughout Europe's towns and cities. Friars owned nothing and lived by begging.
        
        Dominic, a Spanish priest, founded the Dominicans, one of the earliest orders of friars. Because Dominic emphasized the importance of study, many Dominicans were scholars.
        
        Francis of Assisi, an Italian, founded another order of friars, the Franciscans.
        
        Francis treated all creatures, including animals, as if they were spiritual brothers and sisters.
        
        Women played an important role in the spiritual revival. Women joined the Dominicans, Benedictines, and Franciscans.
        
        In 1212, a woman named Clare and her friend Francis of Assisi founded the Franciscan order for women. It was known as the Poor Clares.
        
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      - Religion
      - What are Friars?
      - Friars
- - - - In two different movements,
        thousands of children
        set out to conquer Jerusalem
        
        One group in France was led by 12-year-old
        Stephen of Cloyes. An estimated 30,000
        children under 18 joined him. They were
        armed only with the belief that God
        would give them Jerusalem.
        
        On their march south to the Mediterranean,
        many died from cold and starvation.
        The rest drowned at sea or were sold
        into slavery.
        
        In Germany, Nicholas of Cologne
        gathered about 20,000 children and
        young adults. They began marching
        toward Rome.
        
        Thousands died in the cold and
        treacherous crossing of the Alps.
        Those who survived the trip
        to Italy finally did meet the pope.
        
        He told them to go home and wait
        until they were older. About
        2,000 survived the return
        trip to Germany.
        
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        Religion
        
        Nicholas of Cologne
        
        Beliefs
        
        What goal united the Children’s and Spanish Crusades?
        
        The children united over the goal to conquer Jerusalem.
      - Why did the children want to go on this crusade?
  - - - The Reconquista was an effort
        by the Spanish to drive the Muslims
        out of Spain.
        
        By the late 1400s, the Muslims held only
        the tiny kingdom of Granada. In 1492,
        Granada finally fell to the Christian army
        of Ferdinand and Isabella
        
        To unify their country under
        Christianity and to increase
        their power, Isabella and
        Ferdinand made use of the Inquisition.
        
        Many Jews and Muslims in Spain converted to Christianity during the late 1400s. Even so, the Inquisitors suspected these Jewish and Muslims converts of Heresy
        
        A person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured. Once suspects confessed, they were often burned at the stake.
        
        In 1492 the monarchs expelled
        all practicing Jews and Muslims
        from Spain.
        
        Heretic
        
        Why did many Spanish people of other faiths convert to Christianity?
        
        Many people converted to
        Christianity because Inquisition
        and the effort to drive Muslims out of Spain.
        
        Inquisition
        
        Religon
        
        Change
        
        Why didn't Spain want Muslims to have control?
  - - - In the 1200s, four more Crusades
        to free the holy land were
        unsuccessful. The religious spirit
        of the First Crusade faded,
        and personal gain grew.
        
        In two later Crusades, armies marched
        to Egypt. The Crusaders wanted
        to weaken Muslim forces
        before going to the Holy Land.
        
        None of these attempts conquered much land.
        
        Why didn't these crusades conquer much land?
        
        Crusade
        
        Religion
- - - - They were decorated with rich garments by Christians.
        
        From 800-1100 they were built in the Romanesque style.
        
        Romanesque style
        
        Why do you think Christians used decorations to show their appreciation?
      - Cathedrals
      - Change
  - - - In the early 1100s, Gothic was a new type of architecture.
        
        Gothic conversed with Romanesque because it thrusted upwards, and was full of light.
        
        Sculptures, wood carvings, and stained glass windows were a part of the Gothic look.
        
        These looks were to inspire the worshipper with God.
        
        Many Gothic Cathedrals were built in France.
        
        Paris had the Cathedral of Notre Dame with its' ceilings reaching to at least 100 feet.
        
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        Values and Beliefs
        
        How did the architecture of Gothic Cathedrals inspire reverence for God?
        
        These things showed beauty, which empathizes God. The stained glass windows had light going through them, and god represents light.
        
        What does the construction of Gothic cathedrals tell us about the people's religious beliefs?
        
        They showed that the people at the time were dedicated to their religion by pouring their money into all the construction. It also tells how new cathedrals focussed on reasons behind the design rather than just beautiful looks.
        
        Change
      - Trade
- - - - Goals of the Crusades
        
        Had economic, social, and political goals as well as religious motives
        
        Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople
        
        Appealed to Christians to stop Muslim attacks
        
        The pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite Christendom, which had split into Eastern and Western branches
        
        Why did it appeal to the Chrisians?
        
        Constantinople
        
        Change
        
        Knights threatened the peace of the kingdoms, as well as Church property. Kings and the Church saw this as an opportunity to get rid of the knights who fought each other
        
        The younger sons who participated in the Crusades were looking for land and a position in society, or for adventure
        
        Merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the journey
        
        They also leased their ships for a hefty fee to transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea
        
        The merchants of Pisa, Genoa, and Venice hoped to win control of key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim traders.
        
        Trade
        
        What were the economic advantages of the crusades?
        
        Increased trade, expanded markets, new luxury goods, etc.
      - The First and Second Crusades
        
        Pope Urban’s call brought a lot of support for the Crusade
        
        Those who died on Crusade were assured of a place in heaven
        
        Three armies of knights and people of all classes gathered outside Constantinople
        
        The Crusaders were not prepared
        
        They besieged the city for over a month and finally captured it
        
        Death
        
        Why did it bring a lot of support?
        
        The Crusaders had won a narrow strip of land
        
        The Crusaders’ states were very vulnerable to Muslim counterattack
        
        The Second Crusade was organized to recapture the city but its armies straggled home in defeat
        
        Jerusalem itself had fallen to a Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader Saladin
        
        Saladin
      - The Third Crusade
        
        Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs
        
        Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192
        
        Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
        
        Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places
        
        Religion
        
        Why were there multiple crusades lasting many years?
        
        The crusaders kept gaining what they had been fighting for but then losing it
- - - - Those who stayed home (women) managed affairs on the estates or to operated shops and inns.
        
        European merchants expanded trade between Europe and Southwest Asia.
        
        Goods included spices, fruits, and cloth. It benefitted Christians and Muslims
        
        Failure of later Crusades also took away power of the pope
        
        Feudalism began to fall because thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes. This increased kings power.
        
        Muslims were mad at Christians for displaying prejudice.
        
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        Change
        
        Leadership
        
        The fall of Feudalism
        
        How did the failure of later crusades weaken the power of the pope?
        
        It weakened their power because getting the Holy Land was to rebirth Christ, but they shared the land.
        
        Trade
      - Religion
      - Why would people leave for the Holy Lands?