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Water insecurity as a global issue (Importance of water (Human well-being …
Water insecurity as a global issue
Reasons for water stress
Physical Distribution
60% of world's supply is in 10 countries
66% of population live in areas of only 25% rain
Gap between rising demand & diminshing supplies
Roughly 3/4 of freshwater in frozen icecaps
1% of total volume in inaccessible areas
Growing water availability gap
Vary massively between rich and poor nations
Has led to the process of desertification
Reasons for water insecurity
Human
Water pollution caused by
Intensive agriculture (fertilisers)
Industrial production
Mining
Untreated sewage
Over abstraction, from intensive farming
Physical
ENSO short-term dry conditions
High relief
River systems having less evapotranspiration lengthening dry season
Geology is permeable then stored in aquifers underground
Importance of water
Human well-being - for hygiene
Energy generation
Irrigation
Industry and mining
Competition and conflict
Conflict arises from the way water is used
A domestic supply is threatened by discharge of chemicals from industry
Nile Case Study
Upper hand to owners of upper reaches of river
They could abstract as much as they want
Depriving Sudan of an adequate amount of water
Impacts of human development on water demand
Physical
Climate determines global water supply
ENSO and climate warming
Topography and distance from the sea
Geology controlling distribution of aquifers
Human
Pollution of surface water
Groundwater contamination
Untreated sewage disposal
Chemical fertilisers
How is water scarce
Availability
Physical scarcity of clean freshwater resources
Access
Scarcity due to failure of institutes to ensure a reliable water supply
Utilisation
Arising from inadequate infastructure to use water resources due to financial constraints
How does price of water vary
Cost of supplying water varies between developing and developed nations
Providing access to clean water requires construction and maintenance of robust infastructure systems
Services are expensive and difficult for developing nations to improve
People are forced to rely on street vendors that can cost up t 100 times more