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Alzheimer's (Causes (Genetic Predispositions (Early Onset…
Alzheimer's
Causes
Cellular Death (Apoptosis)
Cellular Abnormalities
Toxic protein buildup
beta-amyloid
beta-amyloid precursor vital for neural repair and growth
leaves cell membrane as a free peptide (when peptide is not full length) and changes shape becoming a long fiber
fibers build up as plaques on and around neurons disturbing normal function
Tau
highly abundant in neurons and CNS and plays role in stabilizing microtubules
tau is bound to microtubules which are the tracks for cell signaling throughout a cell
Alzheimer's disrupts microtubuless and tau breaks free forming tangles
these tangles form in areas of brain essential for memory
G-Protein System (most common method of human cell signaling)
Genetic Predispositions
Early Onset Alzheimer's(almost always hereditary)
Gene Mutations (responsible for APP breakdown which is invovled in a process that creates amyloid plaques)
Chromosome 21 mutation causes abnormal amyloid precursor protein to form
leads to increased formation of all beta-amyloid proteins
Chromosome 1 defect leads to abnormal presenilin 2(processes amyloid precursor protein) formation
increases beta-amyloid protein 42 production
Chromosome 14 defect allows for abnormal presenilin 1 mutations
increases beta-amyloid protein 42 production
Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Chromsome 19 - specific allele of apolipoprotein gene (APOE ε4) increases risk later in life
Effects
Body Systems
Neuromuscular System
decrease in overall muscular function
may loose ability to walk and sit upright
Central Nervous System
brain function
brain activity declines and brain atrophys
emotions, memory, learning, and communication are all adversely effected
Digestive System
Swallowing difficulties
Food and liquid can enter into the airways
Can lead to pneumonia which is a huge cause of death in people with Alzheimer's
bowel control
loss of taste and smell