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Cystic Fibrosis (symptoms of CF # (frequent lung infections (pneumonia,…

- - - - later in childhood
        
        mucociliary reaction becomes defective due to thickness of mucous, leading to a build up of bacteria
        
        CF exacerbation
        
        when bacteria builds up causing symptoms such as a COUGH and can show changes on a CHEST X-RAY
        
        treat with antibiotics
        
        ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA... no treatment
        
        chronic bacterial infection
        
        inflammation
        
        bronchiectasis
        
        brochi wall damage
        
        permanent wall damage
        
        HAEMOTOSIS
        
        repeated CF exacerbations
        
        RESPIRATORY FAILURE
        
        leading cause of death with CF
    - - newborns
        
        thick secretions effect the meconium (first stool)
        
        causing it to get thick and sticky which may cause it to get stuck in the intestine (Meconium Ileus)
      - early childhood
        
        most common symptom is pancreatic insufficiency
        
        digestive enzymes can't get to the intestines #
        
        proteins and fat are not absorbed #
        
        thick secretions block pancreatic ducts #
        
        causing damage to the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes
        
        development of cysts and fibrosis
        
        insulin dependent DIABETES
        
        malabsorption can lead to POOR GROWTH and STEATORHEA (fatty stools) #
  - - - need to inherit two of the faulty CFTR gene #
    - - Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
      - CFTR protein
        
        a CHANNEL PROTEIN that pumps chloride ions into secretions, drawing water into the secretions, thinning them out
      - most common mutation is deltaF508 Mutation
        
        where the 508th amino acid out of 1480 phenylalanine is DELEATED
        
        alters the folding of the protein so the protein cannot be transported from the ER to the plasma membrane
        
        causing a LACK OF CFTR proteins at the plasma membrane so secretions are left too thick #
- - - - trust vs mistrust (0-18months)
      - autonomy vs shame and doubt (18months-3)
      - initiative vs guilt (3-5)
      - industry (competence) vs inferiority (5-12)
      - identity vs role confusion (12-18)
      - intimacy vs isolation (18-40)
      - generativity vs stagnation (40-65)
      - ego integrity vs despair (65+)
    - - cognitive development is associated with biological maturation
      - active interaction with environment
      - not about the amount of learning, more about quality
      - stage theory
        
        sensory-motor
        
        3 months - facial recognition
        
        7.5 months - stranger anxiety
        
        12 months - first words
        
        18 months - short sentences
        
        pre-operational
        
        start to comprehend symbols
        
        egocentric
        
        mimicry
        
        a little understanding of other views
        
        concrete operational
        
        more ability to recognise other views
        
        basic grasp on ordering an classification
        
        formal operational
        
        abstract thought
        
        draw conclusions
        
        logical thinking
        
        social decisions
        
        different strategies
        
        impulse control
        
        embarrassment
  - - - perform mental operations
      - pay attention
      - remember
      - communicate
    - - originally developed in 1974
      - measures general inteligence, verbal intelligence and perfomance intelligence
- - - - non-gated - e.g. K+ channels in neurons
      - voltage gated - e.g. Cl- channels in neurons
      - ligand gated - e.g. acetylcholine receptors in neurones
  - - - transports all ions
      - form a phosphoprotein intermediate
      - e.g. Na/K pump in nurones
    - - only transport protons
      - used to maintain low pH in lysosomes
    - - only transport protons
      - transports protons DOWN THEIR ELECTOCHEMICAL GRADIENT to synthesis ATP
    - - can transport ions, polysaccharides and proteins
      - found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms
      - e.g. CFTR pump in the membrane of epithelial cells
- - - - MRSA
      - multiresistance to many antibiotics
- - - - trypsin
      - chymotrypsin
      - released into lumen of the small intestine then converted into active forms
      - digest proteins and peptides
    - - delivered into the gut as a constituent of pancreatic juice
      - combines with bile salts to digest dietary triglycerides, fatty acids and monoglyceride
    - - hydrolyses starch to maltose
- - - - regulated vesicle secretion
        
        single vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents. this is regulated by the ordinary regulators for vesicular secretion (SNAP proteins and Syntaxins)
      - compound exocytosis
        
        most vesicles within the goblet cell fuse and empty their contents at once
        
        this can be stimulated by changing levels of intracellular Ca2+ or the presence of it's mobilising agents (e.g. histamine and acetylcholine, of which acetylcholine is the most potent)
      - both require ATP and are a form of ACTIVE TRANSPORT