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Life History Strategies (classifications (fecundity, survival, relative…

- - - - For each life stage, there is an optimal investment into each trait. Investing beyond that will reduce fitness (not enough energy being devoted to foraging because too much is being used to defend territory)
- - - - if male and female success varies with age, size, resources, or the social system, it may be adaptive to change sex during the life span
        
        cost
        
        nutrient scarce=mostly males, which is energetically, less costly
        
        nutrient plentiful=more females
        
        energetically costly
        
        protogynous: an individual is first female, and then male
        
        protandrous: an individual is first male and then female
    - - a developmental stage in which the organism is dormant, inactive, and often resistant to harsh environments
    - - changes in body plan, including resting stages and change in an individual's gender
        
        metamorphic development
        
        benefits
        
        Reduced competition between larvae and adults
        
        utilize energetically rich niches that would be unavailable before metamorphosis
        
        specialization on different functions of different life stages
        
        costs
        
        vulnerability to predation at certain stages
        
        significant energy cost
        
        entails a larval stage that is often radically different from the adult individual
    - - juvenile develops, grows into an adult whose gender determined genetically, and live their lives as active adults until death
        
        Direct development
        
        the adult develops directly from the fertilized egg without a larval stage
- - - - birds with larger clutches had lower survival