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URINARY SYSTEM (Reabsorption (Transport processes (transport of proteins…

- - - - driving force
        
        that pushes water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus
        
        into the
        
        Bowman's capsule
        
        60 mmHg
    - - Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
        
        pressure in the Bowman's capsule
        
        from filtrate already present
        
        Impedes the movement of additional fluid
        
        from the blood into the capsular space
        
        18 mmHg
      - Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
        
        Osmotic pressure
        
        exerted by the blood due to the dissolved solutes it contains
        
        pulls or draw fluids into the glomerulus
        
        32 mmHg
    - - water, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones
    - - red blood cells, large proteins
  - - - Neural Regulation
        
        Sympathetic nervous system and smooth musclese
        
        Constrict the afferent arteriole
      - Hormonal Regulation
        
        Extrinsic regulation
        
        Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
        
        Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole to increase blood flow into the glomerulus
        
        inhibition of renin release and the subsequent relaxation of mesangial cells that increase the surface area of the glomerulus
        
        GFR and urine production are increased
        
        Simpathetic Division Stimulation
        
        causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to decrease blood flow into the glomerulus
        
        renin release with the subsequent production of angiotensin II and contraction of mesangial cells that
        
        decrease the surface area of the glomerulus
        
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- - - - enables the kidneys to maintain a constant blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate
      - myogenic response
        
        responds to changes in stretch
        
        decrease or increase in systemic blood pressure results in a changes in the volume of blood entering the afferent arteriole
        
        reducing or increasing the stretch of the smooth muscle in the arteriole wall
        
        resulting in vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
      - Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
        
        activated by changes in NaCl levels in the tubular fluid concentration
        
        detected by macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
        
        releases a signaling molecule that binds to and stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole wall
        
        results in vasoconstriction of the afferent areteriole and a decreased volume of blood entering the glomerulus
        
        Mesangial cells are stimulated to contract
        
        decreases filtration membrane surface area
        
        amount of filtrate formed returns to normal
    - - involves the nervous system or hormonal regulation
  - - - movement of substances between epithelial cells
    - - movement of substances across epithelial cells
    - - facilitates reabsorption of substances through bulk flow
    - - most are not freely transported due to size and charge
        
        some small and medium size proteins may appear in the filtrate
      - moves back in the blood by pinocytosis and endocytosis
  - - - from tubular fluid along the entire nephron tubule
        
        regulated by hormones
        
        atrial natriuretic peptide
        
        inhibits reabsorption of sodium in PCT and collecting tubules and inhibits aldosterone
        
        more sodium excreted in the urine
        
        increases GFR
        
        aldosterone
        
        steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex
        
        stimulates protein synthesis of sodium channels and Na2/K+ pumps
        
        water follows by osmosis
    - - by paracellular transport between the cells and aquaporins
      - 180 liters filtered daily
      - 1.5 liters excreted
    - - 60% to 80% reabsorbed in PCT
      - 10% - 20% reabsorbed in nephron loop
  - - - ascending limb
        
        permeable to water
        
        water renters the tubule
        
        sodium and chloride exit the tubule
        
        filtrate more diluted up to 100 mOSM
      - descending limb
        
        impermeable to water
        
        water reabsorbed via osmosis; sodium and chloride stay in the tubule
        
        filtrate continues down the tubule and concentration increases
        
        filtrate 1200 mOSM
- - - - secretion of hydrogen and bycarbonate
- - - - to the bladder
        
        outside of the body
        
        through the urethra
        
        by micturition
        
        when volume of urine retained within the bladder reaches approximately 200 - 300 ml
        
        regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic division
    - - papillary duct
        
        minor calyx
        
        major calyx
        
        renal pelvis
        
        ureter
        
        urinary bladder
        
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