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Module 1a (Strings (substring (allows you to take out characters from a…

- - - - an index given of 2 4 would mean that it pulls out the 2nd and 3rd characters but doesn't include the 4th. also note that the very first character of the string is character 0
    - - gives the output of "ri"
- - - - sort of like a string append but for images
      - produces an image with all its arguments stacked up, and lined up on their horizontal centers
    - - does the same thing as above but horizontally across the screen instead of vertically
    - - stacks its image arguments on top of each other, lined up at their centers
      - the image you want on top, is the first argument in the series of image commands
- - - - 1) record the definition
    - - 2) to evaluate a defined constant name: the value is the recorded value
- - - - 1) the question that will produce a boolean value when answered
      - 2) the value, if the answer to the question is true
      - 3) the value, if the answer to the question is false
    - - 1) if the question expression is not a value, then evaluate it and turn it into a value
      - 2) if the question is true, then replace entire if expression with true answer expression
      - 3) if the answer to the question is false, replace the entire if expression with the false answer expression
      - 4) the question is a value other than true or false so produce and error
    - - and
        
        put it first, and it wraps around the entire boolean expression and only says true if all the expressions within it are true. stops evaluating if it encounters and expression that is false
      - or
- - - - the thing that gets fed the values
    - - the things that feed into the operator, and get operated upon
    - - 1) first reduce operands to values
      - 2) then apply primitive operator to the values
      - evaluation proceeds from LEFT to RIGHT and Inside to Outside