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Health problem of the cardiovascular system (Coronary artery disease…
Health problem of the cardiovascular system
Anemia
symptom:
less
than the normal
quantity of hemoglobin
WHO's Hemoglobin thresholds of anemia: (Adult)
women - 11.0 g/dl
and
male - 13.0 g/dl.
Decrease in normal
number
of
red blood cells
Interview
feeling of weakness,
Pale skin, mucosal linings, and nail beds, spoon nails with concave shape in chronic iron def, exertional dyspnea,
Hypertension
normal level
SBP > 140 and DBP > 90 mmHg
interview
objective
vomiting symptom
subjective
headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea
Coronary artery disease
Angina Pectoris 心絞痛
symptom
Severe chest pain :arrow_backward:obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries
lacking of
blood and oxygen
supply to the heart muscle
interview
objective
pale looking, dizzy, perspire and dyspnea
subjective
chest tightness, squeezing, burning sensation may experience ‘referred pain’ in
jaw, neck & down to one or both arms
implementation
Rest in
3-15 minutes
Prescribed nitroglycerin tablet (TNG)in minutes
Failure of coronary circulation :arrow_right: :red_cross:supply adequate blood :arrow_right:cardiac muscle and surrounding tissue
result:
atherosclerosis (動脈粥樣化)
vaso- spasm :arrow_right: arterial stenosis
Myocardial infarction (心肌梗塞)
reason
interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart :arrow_right:heart cells to die
C/F
objective
sudden, severe chest pain, pallor or cyanotic, dizziness,
subjective
clammy skin,
may develop cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest.
Heart failure (心衰竭)
reason
Heart:
pumping force < normal :arrow_right:blood accumulates in the heart :arrow_right: cannot pump enough O2, nutrients to meet the needs.:arrow_right_hook:hypertrophic to keep pumping :arrow_right:(in time) fails to pump effectively
congestive heart failure (充血性心臟病)
Kidneys:
body to retain body fluid and sodium, at a result, often respond :arrow_right:fluid builds up and the body becomes congested
C/F:
subjective
fatigue
objective
shortness of
breath
, orthopnea,
coughing,
ankle edema, and
poor exercise
tolerance.
Arrhythmias (心律不整)
group of conditions: abnormal
electrical
activity in the heart.
interview/ symptom
site of origin
(e.g. atrial flutter, premature junctional contraction, ventricular tachycardia).
rate
(normal sinus rhythm, tachycardia, bradycardia), by mechanism (automaticity, reentry, junctional, fibrillation),
Heart blocks (傳導阻滯)
atrioventricular node :arrow_right: bradycardia
first degree, second degree and third degree heart blocks =complete heart block.