Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Reemergence of the Mind in Psych (Modern Research in Cognitive Psychology…

- - - - ironically Skinner's publication of a book Verbal Behaviour. He argued kids learn language through operant conditioning- children imitate speech that they hear, and repeat correct speech because it is rewarded.
        
        This received scathing reviews, as some speech is not praised, the also go through a stage of incorrect grammar, which is not reinforced.
        
        Chomsky saw language as being determined by inborn biological programs that hold across cultures. A language is a product of the way the mind is constructed, rather than a result of reinforcement - they began to realise that to understand complex behaviours, it is necessary to not only measure observable behaviours but also to consider what behaviour tells us about how the mind works.
- - - - :flow diagrams - input processor - then stored in memory then processed by 'arithmetic unit' - which create output. information-processing approach suggested to study the mind- traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition. The operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages. The 1st experiment using this approach asked people how well they could concentrate on some information whilst other info is being presented at the same time.
        
        Conferences on artificial Intelligence and information theory - 1956 Conference by John McCarthy at Darthmouth - defined IA - as "making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligence if a human were so behaving"
        
        10 weeks included psychologists, mathematicans, computer scientists, linguists, and experts in IT. Most important were Herb Simon and Alan Newell. They were busy trying to create IA machine that McCarthy envisioned - to provided proofs for problems in logic.
        
        Success - called "logic theorist" - was able to create proofs of mathematical theorems that involve principle of logic. - was a real thinking machine - it did more than simply process numbers - with human like reasoning processes to solve problems.
        
        Same year George Miller - 7 is the magic number of items humans can remember - there are limits to the human mind
        
        Cognitive revolution took a while
        
        1 more item...
- - - - more error occur when put pressure on, e.g. choking
        
        This takes the research beyond what is choking to what is happening in the mind - working memory is being disrupted.
        
        another Q is required to continue, looking for the characteristics of people most likely to fail, using previous research, of low working memory and high working memory, she then divided them into 2 categories, low-pressure and high pressure, then added now load conditions and high load conditions - HWM students choked under high pressure conditions
        
        the next Q is why? She looked at how they solved problems, how they used their WM e.g. short cuts for LWM
        
        Another Q vis how can choking be prevented, there are practical uses such as helping people cope with pressure, how to study more effectively
    - - basketball/golf/exam stuffing up
  - - - structural models - structures in the brain that are involved in specific functions
      - Process Models which illustrate how a process operates
        
        Boxes usually represent specific processes and arrows, indicating connections between processes
        e.g. Broadbents filter model, the box representing the 'filter' represents the process that separates the intended message from other messages. This process is not necessarily located in one particular part of the brain, it represents a process that could be carries out by a number of different structures working together.
        
        Behaviour is what cognitive psychologists are trying to explain and physiological processes that underlie behaviour
  - - - pathway taken is determined by the results, the biggest challenge is therefore choosing the right question.