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ORGAN SYSTEM (CARDIOVASCULAR (Terms (Systole: contraction Phase of heart,…

- - - - Phylum Nematode
    - - Phylum Arthropda, Phylum Molluscus
    - - Phylum Porifera, Phylum Cinridia
    - - Phylum Annelida, Phylum Chordates
      - Single Circulation:
        Blood flows through heart only once. E.g. In fish Heart-Gills-Body-Heart
      - Double Circulation:
        Blood flow through Heart twice. Heart-Lungs-Heart-Body-Heart
  - - - Arteries:
        are thicker than Veins Due to more surrounding Muscles. to withstand high blood pressure from heart.
        
        Arterioles
        
        Capillaries:
        Exchange with tissue for nutrient and oxygen. One cell thick.
        
        Venules: Deoxygenated Blood
        
        Veins:
        Thinner than Arteries, Valves to stop back Flow . Deoxygenated Blood
        
        Vena Cava:
        Superior ( from upper part of body), Inferior( from lower part of body) drains into Right Atrium of Heart, Deoxygenated Blood
        
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        Interstitial Fluid
        
        Exchage between cells or oxygen and nutrients
        
        Fluid Passes to Lymphpahic system and is called lymph
        
        Lymphatic vessels #
  - - - Water, nutrients,Hormones,electrolytes,blood,Protiens
    - - Leukocytes: White Blood cells: Fight infections
      - Platelets: For blood clots formation
      - Erythrocytes: Red Blood cells: Carry Oxygen, they have heme (iron on them), last 120 days.
  - - - Vasodilation:
        the smooth muscles
        relax, the arterioles undergo vasodilation, an increase in diameter
        that causes blood pressure in the arteries to fall
        
        nitric oxide (NO), as a
        major inducer of vasodilation
      - Vasoconstriction:
        Narrowing of the arterioles increases blood
        pressure upstream in the arteries
        
        a peptide, endothelin, as
        the most potent inducer of vasoconstriction
- - - - osmoregulation , the general term for the processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss.
        
        osmoconformer: to be isoosmotic with its surroundings
        
        osmoregulator: to control internal osmolarity independent of that of its environment.
      - osmolarity
        (total solute concentration expressed as molarity, that is, moles of solute per liter of solution).
    - - Ammonia:
        Because ammonia can be tolerated only at very low concentrations, animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia need access to lots of water
      - Urea:
        mammals, most adult amphibians, sharks, and some marine bony fishes and turtles mainly excrete a different nitrogenous waste, ureatext
      - Uric Acid:
        Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds, excrete uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste
  - - - Nephron:
        small filtreration unit of Kidneys.
        
        Parts of Nephron in order
        
        Glomerulus:
        Ball of Capillaries where filtrate come out of blood.
        
        Bowman’s capsule:
        The blind end of the tubule forms a cup-shaped swelling
        
        Proximal tubules
        
        Descending limb of the loop of Henle
        
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        Out of Lumen: NaCl,water glucose,amino acids,potassium, nutrients, HCO3. Into Lumen: H+, NH3.
        
        Filtrate: NaCl,water glucose,amino acids,potassium, nutrients, HCO3, NO: large protiens and nutrients and blood cells.
  - - - Hypthalamus:
        osmoregulator senses osmolarity changes.
        
        Posterior Pituitary:
        Releases ADH.
        
        ADH reaches the kidney, its main targets are the collecting ducts. There, ADH brings about changes that make the epithelium more permeable to water. The resulting increase in water re-absorption concentrates urine, reduces urine volume, and lowers blood osmolarity back toward the set point. It increases Aquaporin.
    - - The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA),
        a specialized tissue consisting of cells of and around the afferent arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus.
        When blood pressure of afferent arterioles is down due to dehydration, this cells are active and produce Renin.
        
        Renin cleave Angiotensinogen to AngiotensinI I
        
        Angiotensin II acts on adrenal gland to produce Aldosterone
        
        more Na+ and H20 is reabsorbed in distal tubule to increase blood volume. Angoitensin also constrict arteriole to increase blood pressure.
- - - - Epiglottis
        
        Larynx
        
        Trachea
        
        Bronchi
        
        Bronchioles
        
        Alveoli line by single layer squamous epithelium, gas exchange between blood and alveoli
        
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  - - - Positive Pressure
        
        Draws in air thru nostrils, fills mouth, with mouth and nose closed force air into trachea and Lungs.
    - - uses air sac on either sides of lungs . Air into air sac, air moves into lungs then front air sac and finally out.
    - - Negative air pressure
        
        Contaction of Diaphragm causes decrease of pressure in lungs and causes air to rush into Lungs,
  - - - It senses blood pH. Blood pH is indirectly proportional to CO2 dissolved in blood.