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the political (Wk 3/4: STATE (Aristotle: state aspires for highest good --…
the political
Wk 3/4: STATE
Aristotle: state aspires for highest good -- man is political by nature because he cares about the good, bad, just (through gift of speech) -- human nature is essentially cooperative
Schmitt: concept of the political does not require the state -- a friend/enemy relation where the enemy has to be eliminated
Mouffe: democratic politics is about agonism -- not elimination of the enemy but finding a conflictual consensus
Hobbes: the state is a powerful monster which brings order - it arises because human nature is competitive
Wk 11/12: CITIZENSHIP
Marshall: capitalism is based on a false sense of equality -- because it privileges only civil/political rights -- people who do not have social rights do not have full and equal status as citizens - right to collective bargaining is an important civil/political right which can be used to fight for social rights
Beauvoir: woman is a relative being, she is defined in relation to man -- she has not be able to sexually emancipate herself from the status of an object -- she does not organise, does not say 'we' -- the bond that ties her to her oppressor is very different from other forms of oppression (like race, caste, class)
Du Bois: race relies on deeper difference (historical, cultural, spiritual) which transcend the physical -- every race has a historical mission/message -- to fulfil this message, they have to organise as a race
Wk 5: POWER
Foucault: modern power can operate silently/invisibly -- through discipline subjects learn to control themselves -- any deviation from the normal is seen as a disease which needs to be eliminated
Kelly: discipline is about ordering bodies in space (e.g. when the assembly bell rings, students automatically get in line) -- all modern institutions from the school, to the family, to office spaces operate on disciplinary power
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Wk 7: DEMOCRACY
Mill, Ch 1: tyranny of the majority is one of major problems of democracies -- to prevent this, there should be absolute freedom of speech
Socrates: democracy is the fourth worse regime because it is not governed by reason -- too much freedom and equality lead to chaos
Wk 13: JUSTICE:
Thrasymachus: justice is what is good for the stronger (ruling power/authority) -- they make laws for their own benefit
Marx: ruling ideas are ideas of the ruling class -- this is because the producers of ideas (philosophers, thinkers, intellectuals) all belong to the dominant class