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rates and equilibrium (collision theory and surface area (factors that…
rates and equilibrium
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rate of reactions
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methods
mass loss (g/s)
downward curve
add hydrochloric acid and marble chips in a conical flask with cotton wool in the gap, then measure the starting weight. then measure how mass changes every 30 seconds
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light method
put conical flask with sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid on a laminated black cross. start stopwatch and measure how long it takes for cross to disappear
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the effect of catalysts
catalyst= a substance that speeds up the rate of reaction and lowers the activation energy without being used up
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e.g. fermentation of sugars, Haber process= ammonia, catalyst iron, making margarine= margarine catalyst nickel, Oswald process= nitric acid catalyst platinum
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the effect of catalysts
dynamic equilibrium= reversible reactions in a closed system reach equilibrium when the forward and reverse reactions occur at exactly the same time/ rate.
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le chateliers principle= idea that if you change the conditions of a reversible reaction at equilibrium the system will counteract the change. can predict the effect of any changes made to a reaction system
pressure, concentration and temp can alter equilibrium
reversible reactions
changing conditions of a dynamic equilibrium can cause it to shift to the right or left, more products or more reactants
pressure
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increase in pressure, the equilibrium tires to reduce it, shifts to wear there are less molecules of gas
temperature
if you decrease temp then the equilibrium will shift to the exo direction to produce more heat, more exo products or reactants
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reversible reactions
A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction where the reactants form products that, in turn, react together to give the reactants back
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