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Post-translational Modifications (Phosphorylation (★ involves the addition…
Post-translational Modifications
Phosphorylation
occurs mainly at
tyrosine
,
threonine
, and
serine
residues.
catalysed by
kinase
enyzmes
★ involves the addition of negatively charged
phosphate
groups to these sites, pulling positive amino acid side chains into the site.
induces
conformational changes
w/in the protein that allow for certain functions or responses to occur.
ᶦᵉ
insulin-receptors
γ-Carboxylation
catalysed by
glutamyl carboxylase
.
★ involves the addition of an additional
carboxylic acid
side chain to the protein
particularly involved in enabling
blood coagulation
.
occurs at the
glutamatic acid
side chains of some coagulation proteins including
prothrombin
.
allows the formation of
γ-carboxyglutamate
, which enables the formation of bidentate
calcium binding sites
.
bidentate calcium binding sites enable coagulation factors to interact w/ platelets.
Vitamin K
acts as a cofactor.
Hydroxylation
catalysed by
hydroxylase
enzymes.
★ involves the addition of a
hydroxyl group
to the protein.
primarily involved in the formation of strong
collagen
fibres.
natural collagen fibres are heavily hydroxylated.
uses
vitamin C
as a cofactor.