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Theories of Perception - Recognizing Patterns and Objects (Gestalt…
Theories of Perception - Recognizing Patterns and Objects
Gestalt Approaches
Figure-Ground Organization: segregation of the whole display into objects and the background (e.g. baby and tree picture)
Subjective Contours: simplified interpretation of a complex image (e.g. triangles overlapping)
Principles of Perceptural Organization:
1) Proximity - we group things that are nearer to each other
2) Similarity - we group things that are more similar
3) Good Continuation - we group objects whose contours form a continuous line
4) Closure - we fill in the gaps to create whole figures
5) Common Fate - we group together objects that move together
Law of Prägnanz: general law that we tend to select the simplest interpretation of a display
Bottom-Up Processes
Template Matching: we compare incoming information to templates we have stored and look for a match
Problems...
we have to have stored an impossible number of templates
doesn't explain how we are capable of recognizing new things
we recognize objects as more or less the same thing even if the patterns differ greatly
Featural Analysis: recognition of an objects relies on the recognition of its features
Recognition by Components (Biederman):
we divide the whole into geons (primitive components) and how they are arranged
Pandemonium Model (Selfridge)
???
Problems...
no good definitions of what can/cannot be a feature
we describe patterns that have no features
the same pattern may be described many ways
Structural Theories: extension of feature theories that emphasizes relationship between features (cup test)
Prototype Matching: we match incoming information to idealized representation of some class of objects/events (ie.prototype)
Posner - demonstrated that we create representations of similar items when presented with new patterns (dots)
Cabeza - participants could recognize prototypic faces before less prototypical faces
Top-Down Processes
Marr's Theory: we visually perceive surroundings by constructing 3 mental representation sketches...
1) Primal - depicts brightness and geometric shape
2) 2.5-D - cues such as shading, edges, texture brings info about surface and depth
3) 3-D - info from previous experience or expectation bring recognition of the object and meaning (top-down)
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Perceptual Learning: perception changes with practice
perceptually practiced individuals learn what aspects of the stimulus to attend to and can better distinguish between different kinds of stimuli
therefore experience appears to enhance the perception of this familiar information
Word Superiority Effect:
Reicher - participants could more accurately identify letters presented in the context of words than presented alone
Missing Letter Effect - we miss f's in words like 'of' (and other function words vs. content words)
Direct Perception (Gibson):
denies the constructivist approach to perception (we construct a mental representation)
objects and their affordances (acts/behaviours permitted by objects/places/events) are directly perceived
Problem:
proposals are not well defined and fail to explain perception fully