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ACQUIRED CARDIAC DISEASES (Myocardial conditions (Metabolic disturbances…
ACQUIRED CARDIAC DISEASES
Pericardial conditions
Non-inflammatory liquid accumulation
Hydropericardium
Serous transudate
Result of congestive heart failure
May also be seen with neoplasms, anaemia, uraemia, hypoproteinaemia and general debility
Haemopericardium
Rupture of blood vessels
dilated atria due to AV valve regurgitation in dogs
Also seen in RTA, puncture wounds, coagulopathies or secondary to ruptured right auricular haemangiosarcoma
Death results in cardiac tamponade
Idiopathic pericardial haemorrhagic effusion
Inflammation: Pericarditis
Haematogenous
Septicaemia
Traumatic penetration of the pericardium
Foreign bodies from reticulum/ oesophagus
Fractured rib
Extension of infection from lungs, pleura, mediastinum
Extension of myocardial inflammation
Can have fibrinous or suppurative exufate or a mixture of both
Sequelae
Resolution
Adhesion
Constrictive pericarditis
Myocarditis
Myocardial conditions
Hypertrophy and dilation
Metabolic disturbances
Hydropic degeneration
Fatty change/ degeneration
Fat accumulates within cardiomyocytes due to inability to metabolise normally
May result from myocardial hypoxia or toxicity
Fatty infiltration
Hyaline degenration
microscopic manifestation of Vit E/Se deficiency
Cardiomyocite necrosis, inflammation and dystrophic calcification
Disease presents as acute L heart failure or acute ataxia/collapse
Muscles have grey/yellow streaks or patches
Calcification
Visceral gout
precipitation of uric acid in tissues
Can affect other organs, especially kidneys
Myocardial infarction
Result of embolism of coronary vessels (sterile, septic, neoplastic)
Not clinically significant
Myocarditis
Caused by generalised infection by bacterial, viral/ protozoal agents
Usually results in acute cardiac failure
Classification
Acute (Suppurative)
Result of septic emboli being released from non-cardiac suppurative foci
Extension from the pericardium or endocardium
Septic embolism from valvular endocarditis entering the coronary vessels
Acute (Non-suppurative)
Septicaemia/ Viraemia eg. pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, Foot and Mouth Disease, parvovirus
Chronic
Cardiomyocyte loss with replacement by fibrous tissue
May get granulomas in cattle and sheep
May be sequel of earlier subclinical acute myocarditis in dogs and cats
Parasitic infestations
Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Neosporosis
Cardiomyopathy
Metabolic
White Muscle Disease
'Mulberry Heart' Disease in pigs
Congenital
Malignant hyperthermia
Endocrine
Feline hyperthyroidism
Acromegaly in cats
Idiopathic
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Eosinophillic myostitis
Endocardial conditions
Valvular
Stenosis usually occurs in the semilunar valves
Incompetence usually occurs in the atrioventricular valves
Endocarditis
Valvular endocarditis
Mural (wall) endocarditis
Caused by valvular trauma due to blood turbulence, valve tissue aging, avascularity of valves, valve exposure to blood pathogens, pathogens
Lesions frewuently originate as septic thrombi due to chronic bacteraemia or pyameia
Lesiona are composed to firbin matrix, friable necrotic debris, neutrophils and bacteria
Sequelae
Septic embolism
RIght sided lesions
Pulmonary embolism and abscessation
Left sided lesion
Myocardial and peripheral infarcts and infection
Degenerative valvular disease
Endocardiosis
Whitney 1 - 4
Jet lesion formation
Marked accumulation of mucopolysaccharide (myxomatous degeneration)
Valve cusp distortion and incompetence
Chronic valvulopathu
Other conditions
Necrotising endocarditis
Endocardial calcification
Haematocysts and lymph cysts
Melanosis
Jet lesions
Cardiac Neoplasia
Primary cardiac neoplasms
Haemangiosarcoma
Heart base tumours
Other
Secondary neoplasia
Metastases from malignant tumours
Lymphomas
Secondary Cardiac Disease
Cor Pulmonale
Primary chronic lung disease
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Mechanical obstruction/ obliteration of pulmonary arteries
Impairment to respiratory movements
High altitude disease
Systemic Disease