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CH 3, PART B (FIGHT/FLIGHT (perception of danger (sympathetic system…

- - - - body is aroused further by adrenal glands of the endrocrine, secreting epinephrine (adrenaline)
        
        increased blood pressure = blood flow to muscles
        
        reproductive, digestive systems shut down to conserve resources (mouth gets dry, etc)
        
        rapid breathing = boost oxygen intake
- - - - hypothalamus > pituitary gland > secretes ACTH > adrenal gland releases cortisol, further enhancing mobilization
    - - adapting to stressor. if strong stressor continues. initial reactions of sympathetic nervous system = less pronounced/important, HPA activation predominates.
        
        phys. aroual higher than normal, body replenishes hormones released by adrenal glands -- HOWEVER may not show many outward signs
        
        ability to resist new stressors may become impaired, eventually make inviduals vulnerable to diseases of adaption -- like ulcers, high blood pressure, impaired immune function, asthma, etc
    - - prolonged physio arousal produced by severe/long term/repeated stress weakens immune system, depletes energy reserves until resistance is v limited
        
        if stress continues, disease/damage to internal organs likely, death may occur
  - - - nonspecific to what kind of stressors increase stress hormones
    - - exposure to high stress in childhood can alter reactivity later in life > larger/slower recovering stress responses + greater risk of srs illness in adulthood
        
        ex. having low SES = associated w/ high allostatic load in adulthood, evidence of more rapid aging
        
        may increase expression of genetic factors that heighten body's overall level of stress
    - - exposure amount:
        
        more frequent/intense/prolonged stressors = likely to have greater total amount of physio activation
      - magnitude of reactivity:
        
        response to any particular stressor, such as taking exam
        
        some will show large increases in blood pressure/stress hormones/reacton while others show smaller ones
      - rate of recovery:
        
        once encounter w/ stressor is over, phys. responses may return to baseline quickly or slowly
        
        dwelling on stressor after/worrying abt it for the future delays phys. recovery, adds to accumulated toll thru phys. activation.
      - resource restoration (important):
        
        resources in phys. strain are replenished by various activities like sleep
        
        sleep deprivation can be source of stress, contribute to allostatic load directly
        
        poor sleep quality/reduced sleep = predictive of srs health problems like heart disease.
- - - - stressors (for ex. sudden onset) can produce more emotional response than others (gradual)
        
        strong stressor = increase in all 3 hormones, doesn't support a nonspecific response theory
    - - effort with distress: increase of catecholamine, cortisol. typical state of daily hassles, occurs in ppl who do repetitive work.
        
        effort without distress: joyous, active/successful coping, high involvement and high perevied personal control. increased catecholamine + possible suppressed cortisol
        
        distress without effort: implies helplessness, losing control/giving up. increased cortisol, sometimes elevated catecholamines
        
        ties in with above = distress is an emotion