Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Psychology 202: Exam 2 Study Guide (Chapter 9 (Manipulation Effect (Area…
Psychology 202: Exam 2 Study Guide
Chapter 5
Reliability: test-retest, interrater
Reliability
: The consistency or stability of a measure over time
Test-retest reliability
: a reliability coefficient determined by the correlation between scores on a measure given at one time with scores on the same measure given at a later time
Basically it just fucking tests that shit again and compares it
(>).80 = good
< .70 is poor
Inter-rater reliability
: indicator of reliability that examines the agreement of observations made by 2 or more raters
True score; measurement error
True score
:A hypothetical score that represents a result free of error
Measurement Error
: The degree to which a measurement deviates from the "true score value"
Validity; construct, face, convergent, discriminant
Validity
: Extent to which a concept is linear with the truth
Construct Validity
: The degree to which a test measures what it claims
Face Validity
: The degree to which a procedure appears effective in the purpose
Convergent Validity
: Degree to which 2 measures of constructs that theoretically should be related
Discriminant Validity
: tests whether concepts or measurements that are not supposed to be related are actually unrelated
Criterion Validity
: The degree to which a measurement device accurately predicts behavior on a criterion measure
Measurement Scales (4)
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Reactivity: (When behavvior changes as a result of the observation process)
Can be reduced when you use an unobtrusive measure and allow participants to get accustomed to being observed
Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) & Confidence Intervals
Confidence Intervals
: The range within a person's true score is expected to fall 95% of the time
(68-95-99)
SEM
: As the reliability of a test increases the SEM decreases; and vice versa
Chapter 6
Naturalistic Observation
A descriptive method in which observations are made in a natural setting... sometimes called
field
observations
Goal
: Describe in detail a particular setting or situation
More likely to be qualitative
Participant vs Nonparticipant
nonparticipant remains outside the group/situation
participants assumes an insider role
Concealed vs Nonconcealed
Concealed will not reveal their research purpose
Nonconcealed are aware of the research purpose
Limitations:
not useful for studying well defined hypotheses
Very time consuming
Difficult to analyze the data
Systematic Observation
A study designed to confirm previously formed hypotheses
More likely to be quantitative
Fun Facts
Reliability is indicated by increased agreement among observers
data more likely to be quantitative
Limitations
Reactivity
Reliability
Sampling
Case study; Archival research, Written Records
Case Study: A descriptive account of behavior, past history, and other factors concerning a
specific
individual
Archival Research: Use of existing sources of information
"Secondary Research"
Written Records: Seems pretty fucking obvious what this is dumbass Josh
Reactivity: When behavior changes as a result of the observation process
Chapter 7
Survey Research
Mean, Median, Mode
Minimum, Maximum, Range, Quadrilles
Variance, Standard Deviation, Standard Error
variance --> square root -->
SD divided by square root of sample size
Normal Distribution
Bell-shaped curve
Kurtosis, Skewness
Whole extent of distribution cure
measures the tails
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling (4)
Simple Random Sampling
+Equally likely to occur
Stratified Sampling
Population --> Group
Obtain a simple random sample from
all
group
Collect data on each sample unit
Cluster Sampling
Divide population into a group (clusters)
Obtain a simple random sample of the clusters selected
+Obtain data
Systematic Sampling
"Every 3rd volunteer"
Non-probability Sampling
Volunteer sample
DUH FUCKING DUH
Random Selection
: How sample members are selected
Random Assignment
: In aspects of assigned to control or treatment group
Open/Closed Questions
Open
: Needs further detail excluding yes/no
Closed
: Answer can be yes/no
Social Desirability Response set
Readiness to respond to items of a test w/ responses gravitating towards to perceived social norms and values
Viewed favorably by others
Chapter 8
Confounding / Internal Validity
Confound is the failure to control for the effect of a 3rd variable in an experimental design
Internal Validity
is the certainty with which results of an experiment can manipulate the IV rather than the confounding variable
Independent Group Designs
an experiment in which
different
participants are assigned to each group.
Between
subject design
Repeated Measures Design
an experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to
each
group.
Within
subject design
Order Effects
: Order has an effect when introducing treatments to the dependent variable
Can be fixed by including all orders of the treatment
Randomly order for each subject
Counter Balancing
Chapter 9
Manipulating the IV
Types of Manipulations
Straightforward
Staged
Confederate: pretending to be a participant
Strength of the Manipulation
Rule of thumb is to make it as strong as possible
Stronger manipulation are used to maximize the effet of the IV on the DV
Measuring the DV
Description Responses
Direct observation of behaviors
Expectancy Effects
Subject-Expectancy Effect
: form of reactivity that occurs when participants expects a given result and unconsciously affects the outcome
Debriefing
Interview between researcher and the subject where all elements of the study are discussed in detail
Floor Effect, Ceiling Effect
Floor Effect
: The data gathering is lower than the data value can specify
IQ test for adults given to kids
Ceiling Effect
: Level where IV no longer has an effect on the D
Manipulation Effect
Area Bias
Self-Selection Bias
Leading Questions Bias
Social Desirability Bias
Pilot Study
Trial Run
Debugging
Additional MCQs
Sections of an empirical research study
Abstract
Paragraph length description of what the study includes
Introduction
Statement of the hypotheses for the research
Method
Who, Design, What participants did, What measures
Results
Describes the outcomes
Discussion
Interpretations and implications
References
Pearson's r correlation, re: scatter plots, strength, and type of relationship, best evidence for reliability and validity
Pearson's r
Measure of strength of the linear relationships between 2 variables
Can range from -1 to 1
Negative
No relationship
Positive
Reliability
test-retest
over time
Internal Consistency
across items
Inter-rater
across different researchers
Validity
Face Validity
How well the method measures the construct of interest
Content Validity
Extent a measures covers the constuct
Criterion Validity
Extent to which people's scores on a measure are correlated with other variables
Discriminant Validity
Extent to which scores on a measure are
not
correlated with measures of variables
Reading a SPSS out file, writing a statistical sentences, creating a hypothesis