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HUMA 1000B (Classical Utilitarianism (Unit of Utility (Pleasure, No…

- - - - Always choose whatever action or social policy that would have the best consequence for everyone concerned.
      - Equal Consideration
        
        Male=Female
        
        Nobleman=Slave
        
        White people=Black people
        
        Human=Non-human animals
        
        Animals > Patients in vegetative state
      - "Can they suffer?"
  - - - “The Experience Machine” (1974)
        
        Program life experience?
        
        Questioning the unit of utility but not the principle of utility
    - - Red pill: truth
        Blue pill: back to daily life
  - - - Satisfaction (Happiness) > Enjoyment (Pleasure)
- - - - equal consideration for
        
        everyone
        
        everyone, except myself
      - Consideration for others?
        
        best consequence; public interest.
        
        best consequence (for me); self-interest.
  - - - Invisible power believed to control future events.
    - - The view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do.
    - - Affirming the effort of men
      - will of heaven
      - Consequence of putting Fatalism into practice
    - - Tian as nature
      - Explanation of offering sacrifices and prayer
      - Distinction between gentleman and petty man
    - - Natural law of the world
      - Inevitability of destiny
      - Belief rather than investigation
      - Content with destiny, but not understand destiny
    - - Distinction between worth and luck
- - - - (Not based on moral feeling only)
      - observed throughout the Empire
      - disliked by the multitude
      - be guided by life experience, public opinion and history of mankind
  - - - Individual’s private conducts which should be free from intrusion.
    - - Conducts affect other individuals (society) which should be governed.
        
        Rite 礼
        
        a guideline
- - - - The moral ought base on duty, not desire.
      - The Second Statement of C.I.
        
        Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.
      - The First Statement of C.I.
        
        Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
        
        without exception in all circumstances
    - - If you want X, you “ought” to do Y.
        
        The “ought” of H.I is a non-moral ought.
        
        The "ought" binds on your desire.
    - - Rational beings have intrinsic worth (i.e. dignity)
        which makes them valuable above all price.
        
        Implication
        
        Implies that animals do not have intrinsic worth.
        
        Powerful basis for human rights.
      - Rationality is the foundation
      - Autonomy is the ground
    - - Duty to live
      - Cultivation of one's talent
      - Offer to help when others in great hardships
      - Not to lie
        
        James Rachels(1941-2003)
        
        It should be permissible to lie when doing so would save someone’s life
  - - - Mind (Rationality) - Body (Desire)
- - - - Closely related to morality
  - - - Tian(heaven) and Ming(destiny) are always interchangeable
- - - - Nothing happens that is not due to Destiny
      - One accepts willingly only what is one’s Proper Destiny