Cell death

Reversible

Cellular Swelling

Fatty changes

Increase in water in cells due to accumulation of Na+ in cells when Na+-K+ ATPase breaks down when inadequate ATP is present

Increased Ca2+ in cell due to failure of ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumps

Irreversible

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Changes observed in cell death

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Increase in cell number

Metaplasia

Change in type of cell

Dysplasia

Presence of cells of an abnormal type in tissue, may signify upcoming cancer

Programmed cell death

Non-inflammatory

Cell death due to hypoxia

Inflammatory

Keloid

Benign growth of excessive scar tissue

Early Changes

Swelling of cytoplasm, mitochondria, ER

Chromatin in nucleus clump together

Late Changes

Cell membrane disruption

Nuclear shrinkage

Nuclear dissolution

Nuclear break up

Change in density of mitochondrial matrix