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An Introduction to the Metabolism (What is Energy? The Ability to do work…
An Introduction to the Metabolism
Mitochondria and Chloroplast
Sites of energy Conversion
Mitochondria: cellular respiration and all cells have mitochondria
Inner membranes has folds, inside the matrix is fluid
Chloroplast: found in plants and eukaryotic algae, photosynthesis
Double membrane, in stroma (fluid filled), stack membrane of the thylakoid (pigment and light reaction)
Believed that mitochondria and chloroplast are residence of the first prokaryotic
can divide on their own, have their own ribosomes, have their DNA, double membranes
Why is Patrick Paralyzed
Background:
It was discovered that there were motor issues in Patrick in which five months later he could not climb stairs and there was progressive weakness, initial diagnoses was demyelinating disease, he was treated with anti-inflammatory drug and antibodies for two years with no improvement
Metabolism: energy transformation
All living processes require energy
all chemical reactions in the cell, energy transformation and series of connected chemicals reactions in the metabolic pathway
Catabolic: Breaks down, creates energy
Anabolic: Puts together needs energy
All living organism covert energy from one form to another
What is Energy? The Ability to do work (cause change/ move or rearrange matter
Potential Energy: Store energy (dam holding the water back)
Chemical bonds, concentration gradients electrical potential
Potential energy -> kinetic energy + hear (friction)
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (water going through the dam)
Heat: Molecular motion
mechanical: moving molecules past each other
Electric: moving charged particles
Law of Thermodynamics:
1st: Conversion of energy but cannot create/ destroy energy
2nd: Increasing entropy of the universe and creates disorder (favors it, universally)
Heat is Random Energy and energy conversion is not 100% efficient
Combining the two laws,, the quantity of energy is constant but the quality is not
Metabolic Pathways: all chemical reactions require energy but how much?
Activation Energy: energy needed to start the reaction
Free Energy: the energy that can do work under cellular conditions
Change in Free Energy
Exergonic Reaction
Net release of free energy, spontaneous: amount of free energy decreases from reactant to product. Unstable to stable (-G)
Endergonic Reaction
Absorb free energy, non-spontaneous, amount of free energy increases from reactant to product, higher activation energy is needed
(+ G)
Equilibruim: Reaction in a close system eventually reach equilibrium, no work can be done
Disequilibrium
In an open system, equilibrium is never released, energy is needed, it is work
Work in a Cell
Chemical, transport, mechanical (contractions)
Cells manage energy resources by energy coupling
Uses an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (ATP hydrolysis( exergonic) can be coupled to endegonic reactions)
ATP in phosphate group has negative charges causing weak covalent bond (delta G is -7.3 kilocalories/mol
INSERT DIAGRAM
How is ATP Generated
ATP formed through metaboilic pathway
In metabolic pathways the product of one reactions is a reactant for the next
Each reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme
Lowers activation energy
How do Enzyme work
Sensitive with pH and temperature
Enzyme Cofactors
Sometimes enzyme require other molecules to function
Inorganic is Cofactor (Mg)
Coenzymes: organic molecules NADH, NADPH
Enzymes turn on and off based on the need of the organism "on" are activators which are positive allosteric regulation
"Off Inhibitors":
Irreversible must make new enzyme
Reversible: inhibitor comes off
Feedback Inhibitors
Inhibitors also affect enzyme activity:
competitive with substrate to bind to the enzyme
non-completive binds to allostic site, changes its shape so the substrate does not bind
Localization of Enzyme Within the Cells
Enzymes
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
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