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:!: DEMOCRATIC RULE :!: (key arguments:
:star: about half the people in…
:!: DEMOCRATIC RULE :!:
key arguments:
:star: about half the people in the world live under democratic rule, but there is no universally agreed definition of democracy. Democracy is an ideal
:star: studying athenian direct democracy offers a standard of self rule against which todays representative democracies are often judges
:star: representative democracy limits the people to electing a government, whilst liberal democracy goes a stage further by placing limits on government and protecting citizen rights
:star: impact of modernisation on democracy raises the question as to whether liberal democracy is sensible in the short term for lowY countries lacking democratic requisites.
:star: democracies emerged in 3 main waves that has resulted in half the population living under democratic rule. a main worry for democracies is the decline in trust people have for their government
:star: a most recent approach to democracy, stimulated by transitions from authoritarian rule, is to study how to order collapse and the transition takes place
:!: DEMOCRACY - a political system in which government is based on fair and open mandate from all qualified citizens of a state.
CONTEMPORARY DEMOCRACIES ARE USUALLY LABELLED LIBERAL
democratization- the process by which states build the institutions and processes needed to become stable democracies
FEATURES OF A MODERN DEMOCRACY
- representative systems of government based on fair and competitive elections
- well-defined and stable institutions with a distribution of power based on check and balances
- wide variety of political participation e.g. many parties and many platforms
- limits the power of government and protects individuals rights
- active and effective opposition
- a diverse and independent media
FORMS OF DEMOCRACY:
DIRECT DEMOCRACY - the citizens themselves debate and reach decisions on matters of common interest
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY - citizens elect a legislature and, in presidential systems, a chief executive. Representatives are held to account at elections
LIBERAL DEMOCRACY - a form of indirect democracy in which the scope of democracy is limited by constitutional protection of rights. Free, fair elections are based on near universal suffrage
E-Democracy : - a form of democratic expression through which all those with an interest can themselves via the internet or social media
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LIBERALISM - the belief in the supreme value of the individual, who is seen to have natural rights that exist independently to the gov, so must be protected from the gov
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:!: MODERNISATION - the process of acquiring the attributes of a modern society, or one reflecting contemporary ideas, institutions and norms.
modern - a state with an industrial or post industrial economy and an urban and educated population
WAVES OF DEMOCRATIZATION- a group of transitions from non-democratic to democratic regimes occurring in a specific period of time and outnumbers opposing transitions in the same time period
END OF HISTORY - idea of developing to such a level that it represents the culmination of the evolution process
STAGES OF DEMOCRATIZATION
- liberalisation - initiation of the reform sequence, usually as a result of recognition by authoritarian rulers that change is inevitable
- transition - arrangements made for the new system
- consolidation - widespread acceptance of the new system, supported by evidence that it works
- deepening- democracy evolves from the superficial to the substantial
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LIMITED GOVERNMENT - placing limits on the powers and reach of gov so as to entrench the rights of citizens
CHECKS AND BALANCES - an arrangement in which gov institutions are given powers that counter balance on another obliging them to work together in order to govern and make decisions