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Immune System (Innate Interferon/complement/inflammation/fever…
Immune System
Innate Interferon/complement/inflammation/fever
Interferon
category of cytokines such as IFN- alpha and IFN- beta
They bind to receptors of neighboring cells to prevent them from becoming infected - have an inactive enzyme
when pathogen invades the cell, the enzymes activate and destroy the viral RNA and DNA which inhibits the synthesis of viral proteins.
Kills the cell
Complement
Complement protein binds to the plasma of a cell that has been invaded.
This follows a cascade of events that leads to a creation of a pour
Membrane attack complex (MAC), creates higher permeability
the cell swells and then burst killing the invader.
Inflammation
This is a response to tissue injury in which macrophages and neutrophils play a role
Step 1 release of inflammation and chemical factors Mast calls and basophils -- inflammation
Step-2 vascular change structure: artery vasodilation, increase in permeability, and disposal of CAM's
Step -3 recruitment of non specific cells, margination-cell in margin of cell , diapedesis- cell leaving the vessel throgh a pour, and chemo taxis - destroying the bacteria or pathogen
Step 4- Delivery of plasma proteins like kinins and clotting proteins,
Response to infection- redness, pain, swelling , and loss of function
Fever
hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the dermis to vasoconstrict to decrease heat loss.
change in temperature inhibits replication of bacteria and viruses
promotes interferon activity
caused by pyrogens , stimulates high metabolism
Adaptive defenses of T lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity cell has already been compromised
T helper lymphocytes
Requires an APC to present the antigen so that i can know what to target
This releases IL-2 which bind to itsself like a autocrine hormone
Activated helper cell differentiates and proliferates to form a clone, and memory cells. Helper T cells ALSO ACTIVATE B LYMPHOCYTES.
T cytotoxic cells
Also requires the direct binding of the MHC caring the antigen to itself.
T helper cells release IL- 2 which then activates the cytotoxic t cell
This also starts to proliferate and differentiate to for a clone and also create memory cells.
Main function of T cells
T helper cells
They are the reason why t cells are so effective even though they don't destroy. They activate cytotoxic t cells and B lymphocytes.
adaptive immunity would not work without these cells
MHC- 2 are the cells that target the T helper cells. Protein CD4 stabilizes the binding of the MHC-2 with the TCR this will induce cytokines to regulate and induce a immune response
T cytotoxic cell
attack and destroy
MHC1- binds to antigen and then presents it to the Cytotoxin cell. CD8 stabilizes the bonding and then elicits cell to start destruction.
Adaptive defense of B lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Bone marrow , made and mature
Humoral response
Humoral response
Called humoral because antigen is floating in the blood
B lymphocytes act as APC
The B lymphocyte wonders until it binds to a free antigen
The B lymphocyte then goes on to present the antigen to the t cell. THIS ACTIVATES B LYMPHOCYTE
This triggers the helper cell to release IL-4
Activated B- lymphocyte proliferates to form a clone of plasma cells and memory cells
Plasma cells
Produce antibodies
composed of two light chains and two heavy chains, a varieble region is site of reception or antigen binding cite
Antibodies then target the antigens
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
compliment fixation
opsonization
Activation of NK cells
Non Specific Cell defenses
Innate main cells
Basophils and mast cells
They are proinflammatory chemical secreting cells
Basophils circulate in the blood and mast cells reside in the connective tissue,
Natural Killer cells
destroy wide variety of unwanted cells and healthy cells
secrete perforins, cytolytes, histamines, cyrokines, activated by virus
Macrophages, Neutrophils, and dendritic cell
engulf unwanted material such as infected material and cellular debris.
Both macrophages and neutrophils destroy infectious agents through a lysosome.
Dendritic engulf material and also present it to the T lymphocytes, act as a APC.
Eosinophils
Target parasites
kills by degranulating whuch causes enzymes to destroy the parasite.
Also participate in the immune response associated with allergy and asthma.
Surface barriers
skin
keratin, sebum, acid
dermis- hyaloronic acid
Epidermis- flora and hyaloronic acid
mucous membranes
cilia, antibacteria proteins , lysozymes, HCL