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How We Think (Theories (We use both prototypes and exemplars when forming…
How We Think
Theories
Prototype Theory - we classify new objects by comparing them to the "prototype use visual cortex - is more holistic process involving image processing (visual cortex)
Exemplar Theory - we classify new objects by comparing them to all category members use frontal cortex & basal ganglia - analysis & decision making (prefrontal cortex)
Family Resemblance - features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member
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Decision Making
Rational Choice Theory - We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
Irrational Reality
frequency format hypothesis- proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur
availability Bias - Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently
Conjunction Fallacy - When people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
THE REVERSE is TRUE - The probability of two or more events occurring simultaneously (in conjunction) is always less than the probablity of each even occurring alone
Representativeness Heuristic - a mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event
Framing Effects - When people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed)
Sunk-cost fallacy - a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
Prospect Theory - people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains
Risky Behavior - People with damage to the prefrontal cortex are prone - insensitivity to future consequences
Concepts - a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli
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Category-specifc deficit - a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed