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THE BOXER REBELLION uploaded image (The Boxer Uprising uploaded image…

- - - - Goal: Promote and preserve Christianity.
        
        Sina-French War in 1884-1885, France wanted control of Indochina and spread their influence further to the southern part of China, also gaining new resources by sending out commercial missions.
        
        Only allied with Britain for that purpose in 1856, the Second Opium War. They didn't trade any opium. Gained missionary access to China.
    - - Goal: establish the recently unified nation (in 1870) as world power and obtain resources for the growing industrializations
        
        German missionaries sent to China and settled in Shandong in 1890's.
        
        Two were murdered in 1897 and that provided Germany the justification to occupy and lease the territory for 99 years
        
        Jiazhou on the coast of Shandong became a tourist place.
        
        Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II didn't hold a peaceful view towards Asia, dubbing it “Yellow Peril,” and claimed Germany to lead Europe against a battle of civilizations against "savage orientals".
        
        Commercial industries seized this opportunity to market images of the development of foreign invasions.
        
        Divided up Africa (Berlin Conference) and colonized Samoa
    - - The areas shown in red were British territories. The significance is that they possessed land in virtually all continents. This contributed to the tactical flexibility Britain possessed regarding its attempt to settle in China. Their interest for China was mainly for commercial purposes
        
        Great Britain
    - - Italy did not have many territorial or commercial concessions in China
      - Austria-Hungary joined to be involved in the expedition of China
    - - US was preoccupied with the repercussions of the Civil War, but still recognised the growing need for new markets and resources from Pacific
        
        Latecomer to cause of imperialism in Asia (started to trade with China after opening of ports by Britain, imposed trade on Japan)
        
        Expansion into Pacific
        
        Takeover of Philippines in 1898 — journalists portrayed America as a benevolent teacher lifting the burden of Catholic Medievalism from Philipinos
        
        This influences the views of US troops on the Boxer rebellion. They thought the Chinese were savages who did not appreciate the benevolence of the US.
        
        Annexation of Hawaii in 1898
      - Wanted free trade ("Open Door" in China) — ignored by other imperial powers
    - - Japan and Russia had similar territorial ambitions
    - - Russia presented a threat to India due to its expansion into Central Asia
      - Had well-defined interests to protect during Boxer expedition
      - Anglo-Japanese alliance was formed against Russia
- - - - Goal: Continue to be recognized as a "western" power & become first imperialist Asian power (Taiwan and Korea)
        
        Yellow Peril: Western powers, namely Britain, Russia, France, and the U.S, never had to contend with an Asian power. As a result, through political cartoons and caricatures, the racist metaphor of "Yellow Peril" was formed and rationalized at the crux of the pro-colonialism argument.
        
        Racism and Religious Contempt
        
        2 more items...
        
        Counter -Argument
        
        1 more item...
    - - Took no part in the carving of China, but rather was a commenter on the issue
- - - - The Christian converts and the missionaries!
      - Told provincial officers to NOT suppress the violence
  - - - Interpreted the drought as wrath from the heavens
        
        Shandong farmers rose against the Christian converts and msisionaries
  - - - Missionaries were intolerant of Chinese rituals and believed in superiority of their Greed. This created rifts between the two groups
    - - Called Boxers because Westerners did not understand martial arts