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APUSH Unit Review 1770 -1800 (Acts and Taxes (Navigation Acts: ending…
APUSH Unit Review 1770 -1800
Articles of Confederation
Positives
Is able to unite states during wartime, power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives, and borrow money
Can Pass Land Ordinances
Northwest Land Ordinance
of 1787 that establishes five new states in the Northwestern territories and outlaws slavery in those states
Problems
Confuses international trade due to varying regulations between different states
Can't pass federal taxes to pay off war debts to debtors
Can't unify monetary system
Shay's Rebellion:
After end of war, protests of farmers in MA threatened by the loss of farms due to high debt. Showed weakness in the AoC.
Didn't have the power to enforce its laws
Adopted in 1777. Establishes single house of government with a simple one state one vote assembly and limited governmental powers
Constitutional Convention
Balance of Power
Branches and the Great Compromise
NJ Plan
: states have equal representation, favors small states
VA Plan
: Population-weighted representation, favors large states
CT Plan/Great Compromise
: Establishes Bicameral system with House of Representatives having population weighted representation and the senate having equal representation
Checks established through veto power of president and congressional ability to override veto through supermajority, power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional only granted later in Marbury v. Madison
Balance of power between the state and federal governments
Slavery
Sets 1808 as the year to stop importing foreign slaves and reopen discussion on the legality of slave trade
Neither party wants a confrontation on the legality of slavery as it could divide the newly independent nation
3/5 Compromise that determines that 'other peoples' count as three fifths that of each white citizen towards representation
Trade
South worried about Tariffs
North wants regulation on interstate and international trade
Compromise: South gets an agreement that there will be no tariffs on imported goods, north gets federal regulation of trade
Federalist vs Anti-Federalist
85
Federalist Papers
written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay support ratification of the constitution
Anti-Federalists primarily draw support from agrarian farmers that don't benefit from the increased international trade and manufacturing power
Federalists compromise to give anti-federalists
Bill of Rights
Anti-Federalists afraid of strong government dominated by the wealthy elite
Washington's Terms
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington lead federal troops into battle to fight rebellion (compare to response to Shay's that had to be put down by private militia)
Rural Western Pennsylvania farmers/former soldiers against Hamilton's whiskey tax
Violent uprising instead of going through democratic channels
Emphasis on setting a precedent
Stepping down after two terms
President wearing civilian clothing despite previous military positions and experience
Neutrality in European political affairs
Responds to continued British impressment with the Jay treaty, negotiated with Britain by John Jay. The treaty improves trade relationships with Britain but does not stop impressment
Democratic Republicans support continued ties to France (appreciative of support during American revolution and support of the French ideals of republicanism and deposition of monarchy)
Federalists support closer ties with Britain due to economic incentives and manufacturing
Neutrality proclamation of 1793 stating impartiality towards French Revolution
Pinckney's Treaty with Spain settles Florida territorial boundaries and allows for American usage of New Orleans as a trading port
Ran and elected unopposed
Hamilton's federalist ideology the primary driving force behind most of Washington's governance
Hamilton's '5 Point Plan'
1) Establish US Credit worthiness by paying off war debts and assuming federal control of state debts
2) Create a national debt
3) Create a national bank of the United States that can hold public funds and issue currency
4) Create a tax on whiskey, which collects a lot of money but angers smaller farmers that depend on whiskey distillation as a primary source of income (See Whiskey Rebellion)
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5) Encourage domestic manufacturing through imposing tariffs on imported European goods
Democratic Republicans and Anti-Federalists opposed to the majority of the five point plan as it handed much of the economic power over to federal institutions and disavowed the strict constructionist mentality that the federal government can only govern what is set out for them in the constitution
Great Compromise of 1790 - Jefferson, Madison, and Hamilton meet to break deadlock in congress and agree to points 1-4 in exchange for a permanent US capital on the Potomac river south of previous national capitals
Adam's Term
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien Act
: Increased residency requirement for American citizenship, makes it easier to deport immigrants
Immigrants generally joined dem-rep party so was seen as attack on party
Sedition Act
: Banned criticism/writings against government. Drafted in anticipation of war with France to silence possible dissent in government from Dem-Reps that might undermine war effort
Undermines trust in the Federalist platform
Sedition Act clearly violated the Bill of Rights first amendment, but the precedent of
Judicial Review
has yet to be established. (See Marbury vs. Madison in 1800)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
drafted by state legislatures
Elected 1796 in a contested election, Jefferson of the opposing Democratic Republicans won the vice presidency, the only time in American history where the President and Vice President were of different parties
XYZ affair
shifts American public opinion against France, Three French representatives requested bribes as a precondition for negotiating an end to French impressement of American sailors and raiding of trade
Citizen Genet
: French diplomat campaigning for Americans to ally with French. Federalists fear loss of support in possible war with France and undermining of the US political process and sovereignty.
Congress authorizes American ships to attack French vessels, creating an undeclared naval war
Causes of Revolution
Salutary neglect
: lenient and sometimes non-existent enforcement of crown laws and policies within the colonies leads to prosperous trading and economic development, but at the cost of increased sense of colonial independence and creates a precedent for loose colonial control
Population boom
as a result of increased immigration from other European countries, high birth rate, and large amount of slaves
Westward expansion
due to increasing population and need for more farmland
Rejection of Olive Branch Petition
7 Years War/French and Indian War
France, natives vs. Colonies, Britain, and less natives
England had to take out 150 million pounds in loans to finance fighting, subsequent debt payments take up half of the national budget
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George Washington generalship under British
Land won from war leads to increased Western Frontier expansion into native lands
Acts and Taxes
Navigation Acts
: ending salutary neglect and again regulating colonial trade and collection of taxes from trade
Sugar Act
of 1764: Modified version of sugar and molasses act that reduced the tax itself but started increased enforcement of the tax
Intolerable Acts:
: Parliament's response to the tea party; puts MA under martial law, closes the Boston Port, requires Bostonians to quarter British troops
Boston Massacre
: 1770; five civilians are killed during protest of British acts
Tea Act
: Parliament grants tea monopoly to British Tea Company (the tea was supposed to be cheap, but the colonists wanted more than tea choice.)
Townshend Acts
: Creates taxes on glass, lead, paper, tea, paint. Colonists viewed as abuse of power.