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Task 8: Cognitive Control (Properties of the PFC ((1) Convergence of…

- - - - motor system: responsible for response selection and inhibitory control
      - intermediate systems: support short-term memory and guide retrieval from long-term memory
      - sensory system:role in attention
    - - (2) active maintentance in service of control: an increase demand of control rquires greater or more enduring PFC activation. When the task is more practiced, you require less control (role of WM, attention and inhibition)
      - (3) PFC mediated control is complemented by another form of control dependent on the hippocampy system: important for binding information into a memory specific episode. While PFC uses a more activity based control, the hippocampus helps to consolidate permanent asociative links between pieces of information: long-term memory. Railroad metaphor: the hippocampus is responsible for laying down new tracks and the PFC is responsible for flexibly swithing between them.
      - (1) Guided activation as a mechanism of cognitive control: PFC´s role in modulatory. Brain as a set of tracks (pathways) connectiong various origin (stimuli) to destinations (response). Goal= get the trains (activity carrying information) at each origin to their proper destination as efficiently as possible, avoiding collisions. If the track is clear, the response is automatic, if may trains are coming, you need the coordinator (cognitive control)
      - Role of dopamine:Reward. Midbrain DA neurons give burst of activiry to stimuli that predcit a later reward. This helps to update goal representations. => the system learn while it gates.
- - - - diffculty in planning: most consistent symptom. Patient is unable to plan in organized fashion anx novel structures of action, to keep them in mind, and lead them to execution. Faulty "memory of the future"
      - disorders of speech: Broca´s aphasia, also general decrease of verbal expression, spontaneous speech is gone and sentences are short: "central dynamic aphasia".
      - disorders of attention and memory: difficulty in planning and maintaing information (executive functions), difficulties in attention and memory (desinterest, difficulty to attend to relevan info, poor shor-term memory) often inact LTP.
      - disorders of behavior: temporal concreteness, behavior anchored here and now, deprived pespective, drive by routine and devoid for creativity. Can be accompanied by apathy and lack of drive.
    - - disorder of inhibition: motor deshibition
      - disorder of attention: patient gets easily distracted
      - behavior: excessive drive, boundless energy and impulsivity, which influences sleep (insomnia) and the olderly thought processes. Also disinhibits basic drives (eating and sex) and agresiveness.The mood is labile with tendency to eupohoria. Uses silly, compulsive and childish humur (moria). Lack of motivation, goals, and responsibility.