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Lymphatic System and Immunity (Innate defenses cellular defense (Basophils…

- - - - Memory B-lymphocytes: activated upon reexposure to the same antigen.
        
        These cells have a much longer life span than plasma cells. Usually months to years compared to five to seven days.
      - Plasma cells: produce antibodies. More specifically, they produce immunoglobulin proteins.
        
        These antibodies can bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells.
- - - - Helper T-lymphocytes: coordinate the immune response by helping both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, as well as enhancing certain aspects of innate immunity such as activating NK cells and macrophages.
        
        Healthy helper T-lymphocytes play a central role in a normal functioning immune system. HIV attacks these cells.
      - Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: release chemicals that are toxic to cells. It secretes perforins and granzymes.
        
        Perforins puncture the cells plasma membrane.
        
        Granzymes move in and induce cell death by apoptosis, limiting the spread of the infectious agent.
      - An antigen bound to an MHC I or II protein on the surface of an APC will trigger the activation of a T-lymphocyte if it recognizes the antigen. Upon activation, T-lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into helper T-lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
- - - - Both serve as chemotactic chemicals which attract immune cells as part of the inflammatory response. Secretions from both cells increase fluid movement form the blood to an injured tissue.
- - - - Margination is the process by which CAMs in the leukocytes adhere to CAMs on the endothelial cells of capillaries within the tissue.
      - Diapedesis is the process by which cells exit the blood by squeezing out between vessel wall cells and migrate to site of infection.
      - Chemotaxis is migration of cells along a chemical gradient. Chemicals released from damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens diffuse outward and form a chemical gradient that attracts immune cells.