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Lecture 21 (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (Who is at risk? (mainly foetuses ─…

- - - - Urea
        
        Ammonia
        
        ★ Nitrite (NO₂)
        
        toxic form of soluble nitrogens.
        
        may cause cancer when used as food preservative due to overexposure
        
        reacts with Fe²
        
        Fe² found in large amounts in the blood, which can carry soluble nitrite compounds.
        
        Nitrite can oxidise Fe² into Fe³ ─ can destabilise the haem group confomation resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin → this is what makes it toxic.
        
        Nitrate (NO₃)
        
        least toxic form of soluble nitrogens
        
        estimated 5% of nitrate is converted into the toxic nitrite in the body by bacteria.
        
        still considered toxic because they can be converted to nitrites.
  - - - via reduction of the haem iron group back to Fe² ─ redox reaction coupled w/ coenzyme NAD+ oxidation.
  - - - more susceptible due to high gastrointestinal pH, which enhances NO₃ → NO₂ conversion
      - infant methaemoglobin reductase has ½ the activity of than in adults.
    - - more susceptible due to the high O₂ affinity of foetal haemoglobin
      - more readily oxidised by NO₂ into methaemoglobin.
    - - cattle can consume toxic amount of nitrate w/in an hour ─ directly from soil, high pH in rumen leads to acid catalysis.
- - - - some things are more toxic when touched than when eaten / consumed etc.
    - - children are often more susceptible to toxins than adults ─ chocolate is toxic to dogs.
    - - though some things are toxic at any dose, all things are toxic if you have enough of them.
- - - - Muscle tremors & Low tolerance to exercise
        
        muscles do not receive sufficient oxygen input to function normally.
      - Painful / rapid breathing
        
        due to the body's inability to transport oxygen efficiently.
      - Abortions
        
        foetus unable to receive sufficient oxygen supply from the mother due to MetHb.
    - - Weakness
        
        due to insufficient oxygen input at the muscle ─ unable to do aerobic metabolism for energy production.
      - Dark-coloured blood
        
        the appearance of deoxygenated blood.
      - Cyanotic membranes
        
        "blue membranes" due to deoxygenation.