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Depression (Types (Major depressive disorder (depressed mode, diminished…

- - - - sensitizes to later loss
    - - lead to systematic negative bias (beck)
  - - - 1 or 2 short 5-HTTLPR gene
        
        serotonine transporter
        
        Less effective than long gene
        
        elevated cortisol response
        
        amygdala #
        
        BDNF
      - biases in information processing
    - - amygdala hyperactivity
        
        increased sensitivity to negative stimuli
      - prefrontal
        
        reduced function
        
        diminished control
    - - stress
        
        distorted appraisal
        
        APA axis engatement
        
        cortisol
        
        depressive symptom
    - - decrease
        
        self-assessment of dysfunctional attitudes
- - - - disengage from unnataineble goal
      - reengage in meaningful activity
      - repeated cycle of goal adjustment
        
        Leading to less depressive symptoms
    - - 19-month longitudinal study of adolescent girls at risk of depressive symptoms
      - Hypothesis
        
        high baseline depression
        
        better goal adjustment
        
        reduced depression
      - Results
        
        depressive symp. can facilitate development of goal disengagement
        
        Linear decline in depressive symp. when increase in goal disengagement
        
        Depressive mood does not facilitate alternative goals
  - - - help detach from unrewarding social environments
      - avoidance of aspects of social environment with antidperessant/problem solving qualities
      - facilitates problem solving but can be unproductive if avoidant strategies are developed
    - - Depression promotes an analytic reasoning style and body systems that promote rumination
        
        ahedonia
        
        reduces exposure to disrupting stimuli
        
        rumination helps to solve problems
        
        attentional control
    - - complex problems trigger depressed affect
      - Depression coordinates changes in body system that promote sustained analysis of the triggering problem
      - Depressive rumination often helps people solve the triggering problem
      - Depression reduces performance on performance on laboratory task because depressive rumination takes up limited processing resources
    - - (a) It reduces the chance that analytical processing will
        be interrupted by inducing anhedonia, inducing psychomotor
        changes, and recruiting the left VLPFC to enhance attentional
        control;
        (b) by increasing 5-HT, it stimulates lactate production in
        nearby astrocytes, providing the energy needed to sustain VLPFC activity;
        (c) 5-HT drives glutamate-glutamine cycling so that glutamate is cleared out of the synapse and the loss of neuronal tissue that can occur under sustained glutamatergic transmission is reduced.
    - - 1 Depression is associated with difficulty concentrating
        but depression is also is associated with persistent ruminations
        
        Rumination take up concentration
      - 2 Depressed affect causes performance decrements on laboratory tasks in many cognitive domains
        but it also promotes an analytical processing style
        that enhances performance on many cognitive tasks
        
        not solved
        
        test where they are superior involve analytical processing
      - 3 Different procedures for inducing depressed mood have different effects on cognition
        
        explains 2
        
        sad music does not activate rumination
      - 4 Preexisting depression is associated with reduced accuracy on
        some tasks and greater accuracy on others
        
        better when useful for social dilemmas
      - 5 Antidepressants improve cognitive functioning in those with
        preexisting depression, but antidepressants impair nondepressed participants’ performance on tasks involving vigilance and high working memory loads.
        
        effective antidepressant would disable attentional control mechanisms, but they are not always effective
      - 6 Disruption of depressive rumination temporarily alleviates
        depressed symptoms,
        but systematic disruption is associated with longer episodes
        
        treating cause is more effective than treating symptom
      - 7 Different ruminative styles are associated with different
        longitudinal effects on depressive symptoms
        
        counterfactual analyses with longer depression
        
        different functions
- - - - selective attention for negativity
      - Negative interpretations
      - Blocking positive events/memories
      - Automatic information processing
    - - surface level
      - In self reports
      - hopelessness, loss of motivation, self-criticism, suicidal wishes
    - - about self
      - hijact info processing and produce negative cognitive bias
    - - Negative schemas are activated by event(s)
        
        skew info processing
        
        attention to negative stimuli
        
        negative interpretation
    - - dysfunctional attitudes
    - - fluctuations in negative attitudes about self in response to daily events
      - presence before stressful event can predict depression
    - - Network of schemas
        
        activation produces depression
        
        becomes stronger over time
        
        No longer reactive to external stimuli
      - How the theories can be grouped together
      - explains clinical depression
    - - Adverse life experience
        
        dysfunctional attitudes
        cognitive vulnerability
        
        daily life events
        
        negative attention bias
        
        depressive symptoms
        Cognitive reactivity
        
        repeated activation of schema
        
        1 more item...
    - - cogntitive model
      - cognitive vulnerability
      - expanded cognitive model
        
        with mode