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b3 - organisation and the digestive system (catalysts and enzymes (enzymes…
b3 - organisation and the digestive system
tissue and oragns
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
group of organs working together
increase surface area, rich blood supply, short diffusion distance -ADAPTATIONS
digestive systems
circulatory system
gas exchange system
collection of tissue,
STOMACH
epithelial inside and outside or organs
muscular - churn food
glandular,produce digestive juices
group of cells w/ similar structure and function
epithelial covers outside of body and internal organs
cilandular tissue contains secretory cells that can produce and release enzyumes and hormones
muscular tissue contracts
pancreas - makes hormones to control blood sugar and some digestive juices
human digestive system
adaptations speed up active transport and diffusion
digestion system-muscular tissue that squeezes food down down
food intake large molecules, body can't absorb, broken down not smaller molecules that are absorbed into cell, enzyme break it down
small intestine
good blood supply-short diffusion distance
where soluble food molecules are absorbed into blood
large surface area covered in villi
the chemistry of food
lipids
oxygen, hydrogen and carbon
importnat in cell membrane, hormones and nervous system
olive/corn oil, butter, cheese, cream
fats and oils
made of
fatty acids
(can change) joined to
glycerol
(stay the same)
insoluble in water
different combo of fatty acids = solid/liquid
carbohydrates
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
glucose and sucrose
made up of sugars
provides us with fuel
bread potato and pasta
broken down into glucose, use in CELLULAR RESPIRATION
provides energy for respiration, metabolic reaction
proteiNs
nitrogen,
hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
hair, nails, muscles
15% body mass is protein
long chain of amino acids
20 diff types
folded, coiled, twisted to make 3D shape
shapes allow other molecules to fit into protein
sensitive to temp, ph, easy to break - DENATURE
proteins act as...
enzyme catalysts
antibodies
hormones = insulin
antibodies
structure muscles and tissue tendons
catalysts and enzymes
enzyme can change one molecule into another
glucose = fructose
enzymes can build large
molecules from small ones
amino acid = proteins
fatty acids = lipids
glucose = starch
catalysts speed up reactions-not used up, used over and over again
enzyme control metabolism-sum for all reactions in cell/body
substrate fits to active site - enzyme and substrate bind together
enzyme can join small molecules together and break up large ones
different types of reaction are controlled by a different specific enzyme
rate of chemical reaction
controlled by
enzyme
large protein molecules
long chain of amino acids folded to produce a molecule w/ active site
enzymes can break down
large molecules into smaller ones
breaking down glucose for cellular respiration
breaking down carbohydrates, lipids and proteins into their constituent molecules
breaking down excess amino acids to form urea
facts affecting enzymes
change in ph
different enzymes work best as different ph
protein structure affected by high temp change shape of amino acid-DENATURED
human enzyme work best at 37C
bacteria living in hot springs service temps 80C
how the digestive system works
DIGESTING CARBOHYDRATES
broke down into sugars in mouth and small intestine
enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into carbohydrates e.g.
AMYLASE
digest starch in mouth
produced in salivary glands and
PANCREAS
and
SMALL INTESTINE
NO DIGESTION
MOST STARCH YOU EAT IS DIGESTED
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
produced by specialised cells in glands (salivary glands and pancreas and digestive enzymes)
digestive system larger surface area mixed w/ digestive juices
enzymes work inside cells of body
digestive enzymes work outside of cell
work in diff ph levels
stomach = acidic
mouth, small intestine = alkaline
DIGESTING FATS
lipase made in pancreas
and small intestine
enzyme made in pancreas are
passed into small intestine
DIGESTING PROTEINS
breakdown of proteins into amino acid happens in stomach and small intestine
protease produced by stomach, pancreas and small intestine
making digestion affective
hydrochloric acid kills most bacteria in food
bile store in your gall bladder until needed
food comes through small intestine from stomach, bile is squirted from stomach, bile is squirted onto it through bile duct-bile neutralises acid
acidic liquid-needs to become alkaline
bile emulsifies fat food, break up large globules into small globules-large surface area
fats you eat stay as large globules and don't react w/ digestive enzymes
digestive system, largest surface area poss
stomach produces thick layer of mucus-protects stomach wall from being digested by acid in the enzyme
protease in pancreas
work in alkaline
protease enzyme found in stomach works in acidic conditions
