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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (ADAPTIVE DEFENSES adaptive immunity 1) T&B…

- - - - Neutrophils & Macrophages Cells
        • destruction via lysosome- phygolysosome
        •respiratory burst- destroy via oxygen-containing molecules.
        
        1)destroy invaders by enzymes chemically digest the unwanted cells. 2) oxygen with molecules (respiratory burst) produce exocytosis
      - Dendritic cells
        •destroy antigen and present destroyed fragments on its surface.
        • shares role with macrophages.
        
        Presents microbe fragments to T-lymphocytes "antigen presentation" initiation of adaptive immunity
      - BASOPHILS CELLS
        •circulate in the blood
        •increase fluid movement from blood to injuried site.
        •Chemotactic chemicals-bring in immune cells
        • proinflammatory chemical secreting cells.
        MAST CELLS
        • reside in connective tissue, mucosal, and internal organs
        
        Proinflammatory secreting cells.
        Histamine causing vasodilation more permeability
        Heparin anticoagulant
        eicosanoids increase inflammation.
      - Natural Killer cells:
        •kill variety of foreign cells
        •formed in bone marrow and stay in spleen lymph nodes, tonsils.
        •causes apoptosis via chemical release
        
        preforin causes a preforation so that Granzymes causing apoptosis
      - EOSINOPHILS
        •Targets parasites
        •degranulate cells and release enzymes
        
        Chemical secretions help eliminate parasites
      - PHAGOCYTOSIS
        cells invest and digest foreign or abnormal cells via exocytosis
        
        STEPS
        1- RECOGNITION of invading microbes
        2- INGESTION AND FORMATION of phagosome
        3- PHAGOLYSOSOME formation
        4- RESIDUAL formation
        5- EXOCYTOSIS
    - - INTERFERON (cytokines)
        
        1)IFN-a IFNB bind to neighboring cells preventing them from being infected. (“Making them aware”)
        2) natural killer cells stimulate macrophages to destroy virus-infected cells
      - COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
        
        •Liver continuously synthesizes and releases inactive complements
        •activation initiates after entry of foreign substance.
        1) CLASSICAL PATHWAY- complement protein binds to an antibody previously attached to foreign substance.
        2) ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS- certain bacteria/fungi attaches to the complement protein.
    - - 1- release chemicals
        2- encompasses vascular changes increasing permeability.
        3- recruitment of immune cells.
        4- delivery plasma protein.
        5-Exudate “wash off area”
      - Cardinal signs
        •heat increase metabolic activity
        •swellingfluidlossfromcapillariestointerstitialspace.
        •painaccumulatioandcompressionofinterstitiafluid
        •Rednessincrease blood flow
        •loss of function May occur in severe cases.
      - EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION
        increase movement of fluid from blood to interstitial space. “EXUDATE”
    - - Abnormal elevation of normal body temperature.
      - 1)Onset - vasoconstriction prevent heat, production of heat and increase chills
        2) Stadium- elevated temperature is maintained.
        3) Defervescence temp returns to normal set point.
      - BENEFITS
        •inhibits microbes
        •promotes interferon
        • increase adaptive immunity
      - RISK FOR HIGH FEVERS
        •denaturation of body protein
        •changes in metabolic pathways
        •seizures
        • irreversible brain damage
        •death 109F
      - PYROGENS
        Fever-inducing molecules released from infectious agents or immune cells.
    - - Diapedesis:
        Cells squeeze out of blood cell walls migrating to the site of infection.
      - Chemotaxis: migrating cells through a chemical gradient
      - Opsonization
        protein binds to a portion of bacteria making bacteria recognizable and easier to be ingulfed.
      - Membrane Attack Complex:
        protien channel adheres to the plasma membrane of the pathogen causing the membrane to expand and influx fluid making the cell lyse