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Unit 5 (Jazz and Blues Traditions (Billie Holiday (LG 47: Billie's…
Unit 5
Jazz and Blues Traditions
Jazz Roots
jazz traditionally associated with the US
Roots
West African traditions from 18th century slaves
call and response
vocal inflections
Euro-American vernacular traditions
New Orleans
Keeps evolving by incorporating many styles
famous Jazz artists
Louis Armstrong
Ella Fitzgerald
Billie Holiday
Duke Ellington
Blues Roots
Blues traditionally associated with US
Roots
civil war: Mississippi Delta Blues
voiced difficulties of everyday life
three-lines stanzas
twelve-measure harmonic patterns (12 bars blues)
famous Blues artists
Charlie Patton
Bessie Smith
B.B. King
Louis Armstrong
1901 - 1971
New Orleans Jazz scene
trumpet player
band leader
singer
actor
Billie Holiday
1915 - 1959
born in Philadelphia, PA
moved to NYC - sang at dubs in Brooklyn and Harlem
1933 discovered by talent scout
1935 recording with best jazz musician of her day
most famous song: strange fruit (1939)
later life addictions and abusive relationships
no formal training
LG 47: Billie's Blues
1936
intersection between jazz and blues, also jazz and dance
mix of Jazz and Blues and dance
12 bar blues
short intro
six choruses
slow tempo, 4/4 meter
polyphonic, with countermelodies
The Swing or Big- Band Era
1930-40s
written, arranged and composed vs. improvised
larger group of players
2 trumpets
one cornet
3 trombones
4 saxophones
2 basses
guitar
drums
vibraphone
pinao
wide audience - both white and black cultures
dance association
Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington
1899 - 1974
born in Washington, D.C.
studied piano
1920s played in NYC jazz clubs
Washingtonians
composer/arranger
concern for structure resulted in complex forms
composed music for his band with Billy Strayhorn
LG 48: Take the A-Train
Billy Strayhorn composed
32-bar song form - A-A-B-A
intro followed by 3 choruses then coda
Lush, composed-out jazz style
still some elements of improvisation
call and response
syncopation
riffs - repeated phrases
Bent Notes - in and out of pitch
Shakes - brass extreme vibrato
Glissandos - fast up and down of pitches
broad quadruple meter
chromatic
American Vernacular Music at the close of an era
The band tradition
music for brass bands
roots
revolutionary war regimental bands
18th century US Marine band
civil war era bands
concert & dance assembles
Patrick S. Gilmore - leader
John Philip Sousa
1854 - 1932
born in Washington, D.C.
the "March" king
wrote over 130 marches for band
stars and stripes forever
semper fidelis
The Liberty Bell
The Washington Post
conducted US Marine Band
1892 formed civilian group
toured extensively
sheet music sold incredibly well
mass-marketing of recordings
Pre-jazz: Ragtime Dances
1890s
African American style that modified Euro-American traditions
rhythmic & melodic variation
pianists accompanying social dancing
Scott Joplin
1868 - 1917
born in Texas
left home with 14, played in honky-tonks and piano bars
performed ragtime at the World's Columbian exposition in Chicago (1893)
"King of Ragtime"
balanced phrasing and key structures with highly syncopated melodies
strove to elevate ragtime to a serious art form
LG 42: Maple Leaf Rag
1899 published
piano roll performance
syncopated melody with steady accompaniment
4 sections (strains)
A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D
sold a million copies
homophonic
major key, switches to new key in C section
marchlike duple meter
Medieval and Renaissance Dance Music
Medieval & Renaissance
groundbreaking embellishments
social disruption
instrumental music flourished with dance
oral tradition
professionals & amateurs
published dance music books
beginning in 16th century
wide variety of dances
slow pavane
fast saltarello
group ronde
Instrumental music inspires the dance
categorized
bas = soft = indoor
haut = loud = outdoor
types of instruments
bas instruments
recorder
lute
rebec
loud instruments
shawm
sakbut
cornetto
tabor
nakers
battle and fanfares
trumpets
Tielman Susato
1510 - 1571
Renaissance Musician & Composer
music printer
lived area of Netherlands
dance music
short
repeated section
embellished by performers
LG 9: Susato's Danserye
variety of instrumental dance types
dances flow from one to another
published 1551
duple meter
consonant and modal
mostly homophonic
binary form: A-A-B-B
embellishments
Foster and Early "Popular" Song
Early 19th century American POP music
US changes/develops European art song/opera
European immigrants brought cultivated repertories to US
American style developed
lighter music
vernacular
American popular identity
Popular = belongs to the people
POP music
Minstel shows
parlor songs
Marketing and POP culture
marketing
minstrel - variety shows
white performers
black face
plantation life
publishing companies
parlor songs
amateurs at home
Stephen Foster
1826 - 1864
professional songwriter
from Pittsburgh, PA
fist hit: Oh! Susanna
mostly wrote parlor songs, but some for minstrel shows
songs from minstrel shows published later as ballads and love songs
sympathetic to abolitionist cause
LG 28: Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair
parlor song
wrote 1853-54 after seperate from wife
bittersweet tone
Anglo-Irish folk song tradition
strophic A-A'-B-A
voice and piano
major key
homophonic