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Ch 40 and 41 (organ systems, function, and main components (excretory…
Ch 40 and 41
organ systems, function, and main components
excretory
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder
disposal of wastes
endocrine
pitituary gland, thyroid, pancreas
coordination of body activities
immune and lymphatic
bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
body defense
reproductive
ovaries testies
reproductive
respiratory
lungs, trachea
gas exchange
nervous
braine, spinal chord
body activities
circulatory
heart, blood vessels
internal distribution of materials
integumentary
skin and derivates
protection against injury
digestive
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver
food processing
skeletal
skeleton
body support
muscular
skeletal muscles
locomotion and movement
about how many cells do humans have
7-10 trillion estimation
why does this population of bacteria matter-and are they good or bad
very good
about how many bacteria live in a human digestive tract
more than the cells we have in our body-->100 trillion estimation
how can this relationship be disrupted
self cleansing-->rids of the bacteria could take years to restore
what is microbiome
bacteria living in us
what can be done to restore it
eat yogurt
what is meant by mutualistic adaptations
2 different organisms in which both benefit-->humans and bacteria
What do they exchange
interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid
enable cells to get nutrients
What are the various organs utilized by animals to do this?
small intestine, lung, kidney
What “exchange surfaces” are involved
finely branched or folded
digestion, respiration, circulatory, excretory
internal fluids link to exchange surfaces to cells
Why are these exchange processes required for survival
animals must exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases w/ their environemnts
rid of waste
Explain in detail the concept illustrated in Figure 40.4
it is demonstrating that the surfaces for animals are specialized for the exchange of chemicals w/ surroundings
usually internal/connected to the environment
arrangements protect delicate tissues
where does most absorption occur
small intestine
what exactly are villi and microvilli
villi are finger like projections, microvilli are many microscopic prjections
where does most chemical digestion occure
stomach, mouth,
how are fats absorbed
break down and absorbs into epithelial
recombines into phospholipids, cholesterol, protein=chylomicrons
where does most physical digestion occur
mouth, stomach
how is energy stored
stored as fat, glycogen
how is energy released
breaks down fats
if an organism does not eat glucose what happens
break down other carbs
which gland and hormones are most responsible for maintaining adequate levels of blood sugar
pancreas--insulin(lowers blood sugar) and glucogen(releases blood sugar)
when do cells need glucose?
all the time
digestion
chemical
necessary bc animals cannot directly use--too large to pass through
intra
begins after cell engulfs solids--within
physical
i.e chewing, precedes chemical digestion
extra
breakdown of food components--outside
clearly explain the process of ingestion (4 mechanisms used)
substrate
live on in on their food
fluid
suck nutrient fluids from a living host
filter
strain small organisms or food particles from surrounding medium
bulk
eat relatively large pieces of food
major difference of urine and feces
testing feces
find out what they ate and what is physically wrong
testing urine
can find out almost anything about the person
absorption
animals cells take up (absorb) small molecules
elimination
completes the process
Define apical, basal, cuboidal, columnar, squamous, stratified, simple, pseudostratified, ciliated
basal- the opposite side of each epithelium
cuboidal- dice shaped cells specialized for secretion
apical- faces lumen cavity or outside of the organ
columnar- large brick shaped cells
squamous- single layer of platelike cells
stratified- multilayered regenerates quickly
simple- single layer of platelike cells
pseudostratified- consists of a single layer of cells
ciliated- comonly found on the surfaces
Where are epithelial tissues found in an animal
they cover the outside of body line organs and cavities within the body
What are the general functions of epithelial tissue
cover outside of body and line organ/cavities
function as barrier, form active interfaces with the environment
How are epithelial tissues categorized
epithelium-shape of cells
Define matrix, collagen, reticular, elastic, osteoblast, fibroblast, chondroblast/chondrocyte
matrix- holds many tissues/organs in place
collagen- glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix
reticular- join connective tissue
elastic- make tissues elastic
osteoblast- deposit matrix of collagen
fibroblast- secrete fiber proteins
chondrocte- secrete collagen
What are the functions of connective tissues
fibrous
found in tendons and ligaments
bone
deposit matrix of collagen
blood
liquid extracellular matrix
adipose
stores fuel of fat molecules
loose
binds epithelia to underlying tissues
cartiledge
contains fibers in rubbery proteins
What are the 6 types
loose, blood, fibrous, bone, adipose, cartiledge
. How are connective tissues categorized
collagenous, reticular, elastic
Define axon, dendrite, glia.
axon- neurons transmit impulses to neurons
dendrite- a neuron receives impulses
gila- nourish, insulate, and replenish
What is the function of nervous tissue
receipt, and processing, transmission
Where is it typically found in animals?
brains
. Describe nervous tissue
functions in transmission of information
what happens if you take too little
vitamins- malnutrition
minerals-malnutrition
what happens if you take too much
vitamins- probably harmeless but fat solluable deposities into body fat=accumulation of toxic levels
minerals- can upset homeostatic balance/impair health
what is the difference between vitamins and minerals, how much do you need
viatmins-organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts= .01 to 100 mg
minerals-inorganic nutrients required in small amounts=1 mg to 2500 mg
some examples?
rickket (not enough vitamin D), beriberi (not enough thymine), pellagra (not enough nicacin)
chylomicrons
liquefies food
lacteals
clear liquid full of white blood vessels
hepatic portal vein
vessels that help transfer the materials
implications of having ones gall bladder removed
it is the storage so now there is nothing to store it
what is bile, why is it needed
storage of white blood cells
how are the gall bladder and liver involved in digestion
liver produces family, gall bladder helps w/ imulsification
what do these hormones do
leptin- the appetite suppressor
it reduces appetitie
ghrelin- is a hormone that increases appetite
what is different between type 1 and type 2
they present themselves in different ways--type 1 from around age 40, and type 2 can develop at any age
what organs produce ghrelin, leptin, and PPY
stomach and the pancreas
what is diabetes mellitus
A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood
vegatarian- no meat
pescatarian- vegetarian who eats fish
vegan- no animal byproducts
what are essential nutrients
required materials that an animal cannot assemble from simper organic patterns
what are the 4 major biological macro molecules? monomers?
carbs=monosaccarids, proteins=amino acids, lipids=fatty acids, nucleic acids=nucleotides
why are strictly vegan diets often not healthy
enzyme deficiency, protein deficiency, no daily dose of amino acids
what happens if it works poorly or too well
too porrly- diarhhrea, too well- constipation
what are the appendix and cecum
appendix- extension of human cecum, cecum important for fementing ingested material
what is the digestive role of the colon, what would happen if it were removed
the colon completes reabsorption of water that begain in the small intestine, feces and waste move through the colon
differentiate between colon, anus, and rectum
cecum is opening, rectum leads to anus
Compare and contrast the 3 types
smooth
lacks striations--responsible for involuntary movements
cardiac
forms contractile wall of heart--similar contracile properties
skeletal
attached to bones by tendons--responsible for voluntary movements
Define striation, intercalated disk.
striation- responsible for voluntary movement
intercalated- relay signals from cell to cell
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue
responsible for nearly all types of body movement
Define poikilotherm and homeotherm.
poikilotherm- an animal whose body temp varies w/ environment
homeotherm- relatively consistent body temp
Why are the terms “warm-blooded” and “cold-blooded” misleading?
dont necessarily have low body temps
Differentiate between endothermic and exothermic organisms
warmed by heat generated by metabolism--cold= generate heat, hot= cooling body
Compare and contrast torpor, hibernation, and estivation. What triggers these conditions
hibernation
long term torper adaptation to winter cold ans food scarcity
estivation
enables animals to survive longs periods of high temps and scarce water
torpor
physiological state of decreased activity
allows animals to save energy
How can an ectothermic animal like a snake incubate its eggs?
the studies showed that, like mammals and birds, pythons raise the body temp through shivering
Why would someone with a fever shiver?
shivering enables the animal to increase metabolic rate production
. What is brown fat? How can it be helpful?
found in tissue, and can be found in the neck and between the shoulders of mammals
what do secretin, gastrin and chlecystoskinin do
gastrin- stimulates production of gastric juices
cholecystokin_stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from gallbladder
secretin-stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutraluze chyme
what are steps of hormonal regulation of digestion
2) chyme--> duodenum--> amino and fatty acids--> relase CCK and secretin hormone
3)chyme rich in fats--> CCK and secretin released-->perisstalsus and gastric juices inhibited
1) gastrin hormone released when stomach walls are stretched by food
what is the function of the enteric nervous system
regulates release of gastric juices, regulates peristalsis in small and marge intestines -- gastrointestinal tract
what is needed?
carbs, proteins, lipids, (use in cell respiration)
raw materials for biosynthesis--organic carbons
also adequate calories, vitamins, minerals, and so on
Why would adding 1500 calories of glucose to your diet still be inadequate?
the body needs other raw materials to work w/
Why would a diet of only 100% of your recommended daily allowance of vitamins and minerals be inadequate?
100% daily value is the bare min to prevent deficiency and does not represent the amount needed for optimum health
explain the special digestive function of the duodenum including the hormone secretin
part of small intestine pancreas then secretes proteus, lypae, ammellase, carbohydrase, nuclease
why must digestive enzymes be activated in the duodenum
so you dont digest the organ itself
explain the special digestive functions of the stomach, include how and why it produces so much
breaks down the protein (acid in stomach) 1.produces acid 2. protects itself w/ acid
Why do evolutionarily unrelated animals (i.e. fish and dolphins) have such similar morphologies
convergent evolution
Why do some animals that are closely related (i.e. snakes and turtles) have such different morphologies?
natural selection
Why are there no whale-sized terrestrial organisms
environment today cannot support it
How could huge dinosaurs exist if this is true
had more space--pangea
as bones thicken need more muscles
weight to compensate
bigger=slower
Fully compare and contrast the 2 body systems that control and regulate the body in order to maintain homeostasis.
endocrine
signaling molecules released into bloodstream through hormones
nervous
transmit signals along dedicated routes-travel to specific target cells
What are the parts of a feedback system
stimulus
sensor
response
brain/set point
What is a regulator versus a conformer
conformer
allows internal condition to change w/ external change
regulator
internal mechanisms to control internal change
Clearly explain and give biological examples of positive and negative feedback
How do these two feedback types relate to homeostasis
What are the 4 ways in which heat can be transferred
conduction
direct transfer of heat
convection
transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid
evaporation
removal of heat from surface of a liquid
radiation
emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
Based on this information, why do you think polar bears have white fur but black skin?
integumentory system --- outer covering of body
What are ways in which animals insulate themselves? Which animals have evolved this ability? Why? (Be specific.)
reduces flow of heat between an animals body and its environments
land mammals, marine mammals
Why do humans get goosebumps?
must primarily rely on fat fur insulation--resemble furry ancestors
What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation? What are the advantages of activating these processes?
constrict
reverse process--reduces blood flow--decrease diameter
dilation
result from signals relaxing muscles of walls--widening
What is the counter-exchange mechanism? Clearly describe two examples
transfer of heat between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
Where does body heat actually come from? What are the units for measuring energy?
generation of ATP/metabolic rate
cellular respiration enabling systems to keep animal alive
the sum of energy in animals given interval called metabolic rate= joules, calories, kilocalories
Compare and contrast BMR with SMR. How does body mass generally relate to BMR?
bmr
min metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest
smr
metabolic rate of fasting nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temp
Why does a dragonfly assume the “obelisk” position? Why would it flatten out its wings at other times?
the position is an adaptation that minimizes the amount of body surface exposed to the sun--flatten at other times so body surface exposed
Why do some insects vibrate their wings while at rest (not flying
shivering mechanism to increase heat
define
persistalisis- alternating waves of contraction and relaxtion
sphincters- at some junctions between specialized compartments
alimentary canal-salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
amylase-hydrolizes starch and glyceron
mucus- mix of the h20 salts and slippery glycoptroeins
bolus-the ball your tongue makes of saliva and food
chyme- churning action of food and gastric juice (hcl and protease)
protease- protein digesting, works best in H+ environment
bile-mix of substances made in the liver
peptidase- breaks down peptides into the amino acids
lipase- breaks down fats
nuclease- cleaves the chains of nucleotide in nucleic acids
emulsify- the breakdown of fat globules in the duodeum into tiny droplets that lipase can digest
which enzymes are digest various organic molecules
amylase, protease, peptidase, lipase, nucelease
what are the organs of the human digestion system?
pharynx
opens two passageways
esophagus
connects to stomach
salivary glands
deliver saliva to oral cavity
liver
mixture of substances
oral cavity
where digestion begins
gall-bladder
where bile is stored
tongue
evaluates digested material to further pass along
pancreas
aids chemical digestion by producing an alkaline solution rich
small intestine
alimentary canal where most enzymatic hydrolosis occurs
large intestine
includes colon, rectum, and cecum
rectum/anus
where feces are stored until eliminated
if food does not go through some organs, where does it go
they help with the processing
. Why can a snake eat once per week when a bird of equal mass needs to eat almost continually?
due to the metabolic rates
birds are endotherms--> bmr--use much more energy
snaks are ectotherms-->smr-use much less energy
animal digestive tracts increase in complexity, what developments did you observe
porifera- filter feeder
cnidaria- GV one opening
platyhelminthes- two openings
nematoda- through gut
annelida-more complex body organs
mollusca- true ceolom
athropoda-open system
echinodermata-more complex still
1 more item...
what are some obvious physical, morphological adaptations that can be distinguished in animals as a result of their diet
stomach
herbivores and omnivores- longer ailmentary canals
plant matter is more difficult to digest than meat bc they have cell walls
carnivores- large and expandable
mutualistic
many have fermentation chambers
ruminent- the most elaborate adaptations
dental
evolutionary adaptations of teeth for processing different kinds of food
sea otters use its sharp canines to tear apart prey