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Instructional Design: A Paradigm Shift Alan J. Reid, Ph.D.…

- - - - Shift from Skills Development to Knowledge Acquisition
  - - - Behaviorism
        
        Direct Instruction
        
        Lower-levels of learning
        
        Procedural Tasks and Measurable Outcomes
      - Cognitivism
        
        Knowledge Acquisition
        
        Annotating, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing Are Important
        
        Common Use: Online and Computer Based
        
        Threats
        
        Redundancy
        
        Split Attention
        
        Cognitive Overload
      - Constructivism
        
        Broader Philosophy Than Cognitive or Behaviorist Theory
        
        Learner: Assumes All Responsibility
        
        Teacher: Designs Learning Situation
- - - - Excised from Meaning Making
      - Learner is Architect of Reality
- - - - Learner
      - Task
      - Resources