Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Perceiving groups (Forming impressions of groups: Establishing stereotypes…

- - - - Stereotypes lead to perceived uniformity among group members and rigid expectations. These can contribute to prejudice and discrimination, even when the stereotypes themselves are positive.
    - - When its viewed as applying to every member of the group every stereotype is actually innacurate.
  - - - Illusory correlation: A perceived association between two characteristics that are not actually related
    - - Why?
        
        Lack of knowledge of or familiarity with members of other groups.
        
        Members of different groups may be pursuing differentsorts of goalss during cross-group interactions
      - Classical conditioning occurs when a person or object that has been repeatedly paired with a particular emotion or other repsonse begins itself to elicit the emotion.
    - - Commercials typically reinforce gender stereotypes
  - - - Social norms: Generally accepted ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that people in a group agree on and endorse as right
    - - When people form impressions of a group by being told about them secondhand, their impressions are more stereotypic.
- - - - The more obvious and salient the cues to category memership, the more likely it is that the catefory and its related stereotypes come to mind.
      - A categorie often becomes particularly salient when only a single member of the group is present among multiple members of another group.
    - - The more often a category is used, the more accessible it becomes; the more accessible it is, the more it is used.
      - Cues that relate to group membership can bring stereotypic information to mind, even if the perceiver does not consiously notice the group membership at all
    - - Facial EMG; Measures electrical activity in the facial muscles that create expressions such as smiles and frowns.
        
        Can be measured even when changes in the face are not visible. Measurement can accurately assess people's automatically activated positieve or negative feelings about social groups.
      - Priming with black of white face's
      - Implicit Association Test (IAT)
  - - - Affected by many situational factors, including recent encounters with liked or disliked group members and race. People can also fake IAT responses.
  - - - Almost anything that diminishes an individual's cognitive capacity can also increase the impact of stereotypes on judgement (time, too complex info, morning/night person)
      - Even familiarity can impact stereotype usage because people have a sense that they do not need to think carefully about previously ecnountered material.
    - - Increase the of stereotyping expectations on perceptions; Decrease recognition of differences among group members
  - - - Not the best way to eliminate stereotype effects. It could even make it worse in the future.
    - - If we think an unwanted stereotype may have influenced our thinking, we can try to correct for its effects, for example, by trying hard to be pleasant.
  - - - When we learn information that appears consistent with our expectations, we will leap to the conclusion that those expectations were correct.
      - A stereotype that is socially shared boosts our confidence by letting us know that other people agree with our beliefs and react in the same way we do.
    - - How do stereotypes distort our considered judgments about others?
        
        Stereotypic expectations: We tend to notice what we expect to see.
    - - When information is ambiguous, activation of a stereotype influences our interpreatation of the behavior (or of the individual performing the behavior), making it seem consistent with the stereotype.
    - - At 5 feet 10 inches, Sara is more likelu to be called "tall" than Samuel, who is also 5 feet 10.
    - - When stereotypes lead us to act in ways that produce the very behaviors that confirm our expectations, the stereotype becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.
- - - - One barrier to stereotype change is that when people even notice information that fails to fit their expectations, they often just explain it away (blame it to special circumstances).
    - - If explaining away doesn't work, people can still defend their stereotypes by rosrting to specific subtypes
        
        Subtype: A narrower and more specific social group, such as housewife or feminist, that is included within a broad social group, like women.
    - - See those individuals as remarkable (excepetions to the rule)