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Biochemistry (Photosynthesis (Limiting factors (Temperature (limiting in…
Biochemistry
Exercise
Muscles need oxygen to contract
Faster contractions mean more oxygen is needed
deeper and faster breathing
quicker pulse
oxygen moved around blood faster
carbon-dioxide removed faster
Not enough oxygen to respire aerobically
anaerobic respiration
glucose --> lactic acid
lactic acid build up is painful
oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to react with (oxidise) and remove the lactic acid
lactic acid + oxygen --> carbon-dioxide + water
increased breathing rate after exercise
to get more oxygen
increased pulse rate after exercise
to get oxygen around body faster
to remove carbon-dioxide faster
acid taken to liver
liver converts acid back to glucose
long periods of exercise
muscle fatigue
inefficient contracting
Respiration and Metabolism
Exothermic
provides energy for all cells
to control body temperature
high SA:V ratio = more difficult to control body temperature
to contract muscles
To make large molecules from small molecules
glucose --> glycogen
glucose --> starch
For storage (starch is impermeable)
glucose + nitrates --> amino acids --> proteins
glucose - cellulose (in plants)
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid --> lipid
to make small molecules from large
excess protein --> urea
Metabolism is the sum of all the reactions in a living being
reactions often look like: Reactant --> enzyme --> product --> enzyme --> product --> enzyme --> product
The process of transferring energy from glucose
types of respiration
aerobic
glucose + oxygen --> carbon-dioxide + water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
uses oxygen
more efficient than anaerobic
anaerobic
Produces less energy but quicker
the incomplete break down of glucose
without oxygen
Glucose --> Lactic acid
Lactic acid is poisonous
only useful in emergency
Is called fermentation in plants and yeast
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon-dioxide
used in bread and beer
Artificial conditions
costs money
May not be worth it
more crops
better crops
greenhouses
no pests/diseases
can control minerals
can control light levels
artificial lighting
can control temperature
too low
heater
too high
shades
ventilation
can control carbon-dioxide level
Paraffin heaters
as paraffin burns carbon-dioxide is a byproduct
Photosynthesis
Endothermic
6CO2 + 6H2O --> 6O2 + C6H1206
rate: Light intensity is directly proportional to 1 / Distance squared
energy is transferred to chloroplasts by light
makes glucose
used for
respiration
making cellulose
making amino acids
stored as oils or fats
stored as starch
starch is impermeable
cells holding it don't swell up with water
takes place in chloroplasts
Limiting factors
Light intensity
only limiting up until a certain point
limiting at night
Carbon-dioxide
only limiting up until a certain point
If bright and warm enough carbon-dioxide is the limiting factor
Temperature
limiting in winter
enzymes slow at low temperatures
enzymes denature at 45 degrees
Chlorophyll
disease
damaged chloroplasts
less chlorophyll