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Immune (Adaptive Immunity (Cell-mediated Immunity (T-cells (activate with…
Immune
Adaptive Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity
T-cells
activate with antigen carried by dendritic cell
start cloning process to attack pathogen
Humoral Immunity
B-cells
recognize virus spike
begins cloning process
produces antibodies to seek virus and destroy
produce memory B-cell to recognize virus another time
Immune cells
Origin of immune cells
Red Bone Marrow
Produces all leukocytes before entering bloodstream except T-cells
Thymus
T-cells migrate to thymus to mature and differentiate
Positive selection process
survival of cell dependent on capability of binding to MHC molecule
Negative selection process
survival of positive T-cell dependent upon not recognizing self-antigen
End result of both processes is Helper T-cell or Cytotoxic T-cell
Housing of immune cells
Lymphatic tissue
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Macrophages
NK cells
Select organs
alveolar macrophages
Epithelial tissue
dendritic cells
Connective tissue
mast cells
Innate Immunity
immediate response to harmful substance
Surface barriers
skin
epidermis acts as physical barrier
sebum from oil glands
lysozymes from sweat glands
hyaluronic acid in areolar tissue
mucosal membranes
epithelial lining acts as physical barrier
normal flora
mucous traps microbes
Internal defenses
Inflammation
Release of chemotactic factors & inflammatory chemicals
Vascular changes; vasodilation
Recruitment of leukocytes
Margination
leukocytes adhereing to CAMs on endothelial damaged tissue
Diapedesis
cells squeezing out of vessel to site of inf.
Chemotaxis
chemicals released to attract more immune cells
recruited cells release cytokines; initiate leukopoiesis
pyrogens released (interleukin-1) induce fever
Fever
Pyrogens released initiate fever
inc. body temps can damage pathogens
risks can include damage to own cells
NK Cells
patrol bloodstream
kill all and any unknown cell
release perforin and granzyme to destroy unwanted cell
Phagocytes
Neutrphils & Macrophages
Neuttrophils most abundant WBC
Macrophages engulf infectious agents
Eosinophils
main target are parasites
release proteins to destroy cells of organism
Basophils & Mast cells
proinflammatory chemicals secreted within granules
histamine
inc. vasodilation and capillary permeability
heparin
acts as an anitcoagulant
eicosanoids
increase inflammation
Antimicrobial Proteins
Interferon IFN
cytokine released by infected cell
binds to receptors of neighboring cells, preventing infection
IFN stimulates macrophages and NK cells to destroy infected cells
Complement
system for microbial infections
opsonizaton
binding to bacteria to inc. identification for phagocytosis
inflammation
inc. inflammatory response by activating and attracting of mast cells. basophils, neutrophils and macrophages
cytolysis
form MAC protein channel; cause lysis of cell
elimination of immune complexes
links immune complexes to RBC to be stripped via macrophages in liver then returned to blood stream
Antigens
foreign substance that will cause immune response in body
Complete Antigens
Immunogenic
Reactive to antibodies released by lymphocytes
Haptens
Not immunogenic
Binding to body proteins may lead to allergic reaction
Self-Antigens
Mark own cells as self
Not harmful to self; very harmful to foreign
Class I
virtually all cells
Class II
certain cells
Antigenic Determinants
specific site on antigen that is recognized by components of the immune system
Antibodies
characterized as an immunoglobulin protein produced against a specific antigen
facilitates destruction of pathogens by other immune cells
Y-shaped soluble protein made of 4 polypeptide chains; 2 heavy & 2 light
Actions
Exposed FC portion after binding promotes:
Opsonization
binding of Ab to Phagocytic cells; triggers phagocytosis
Activation of NK Cells
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Complement Fixation
activates complement
Binding of antigen binding site causes:
Agglutination
cross-link cells causing a clump
Precipitation
antigen-antibody complex becomes insoluble; precipitates particles and are engulfed
Neutralization
antibody coats pathogen preventing binding of cells
Major classes
IgA
found in exposed areas of environment
produced in secretions
especially effective at agglutination
IgD
works along with monomer from of IgM
antigen-specific B-lymphocyte receptor
can identify when immature B-lymphocytes are ready for activation
IgM
pentamer (5 monomers)
found mostly in blood
most efficient at agglutination and binding complement
IgE
produced in response to allergic reactions & parasite infections
causes release of histamines & attracts eosinophils
IgG
most abundant major class
facilitates all actions
found in body fluids