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Animals (Organ system (Digestive (Food processing (Ingestion ( …

- - - - Smooth muscles
        
        the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs. The cells are spindle-shaped, responsible for involuntary body activities
        
        Cardiac muscles
        
        contractile wall of the heart. It is striated like skeletal muscle and has fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks.
        
        Skeletal muscles
        
        voluntary movement, bundles of long cells called muscles fibers, have multiple nuclei, striped (striated) appearance.
  - - - signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells called hormones.
        The effects of hormones are often long-lasting. e.g. T3, T4 by throid gland.
  - - - Macromolecules
        
        Protien
        
        Animo Acids
        
        Nucleic Acid
        
        Nucleotide
        
        Carbohydrates
        
        Monosachharide (sugar)
        
        Fats
        
        Fatty acid and glycerol
      - Vitamins and Minerals
        
        vitamin A,D,E,B12 etc...
    - - Ingestion
        
         Substrate feeders
        are animals that live in or on their food source.
        e.g. leaf miner caterpillar.
        
         Bulk feeders,
        which eat relatively large pieces of food.
        e.g. humans
        
         Suspension feeder and filter filters:
        eat small organisms or food particles suspended in the water.
        e.g. clams
        
         Fluid feeders
        suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host.
        e.g. mosquito
      - Digestion
        
        Mechanical digestion,
        such as chewing, typically precedes chemical digestion
        
        Chemical Digestion .
        A variety of enzymes catalyze the digestion of large molecules in food.
        
        Salivary glands:
        
        Deliver saliva through ducts to the oral cavity. enzyme amylase, found in saliva
        
        Pharynx and Oesophagus
        
        Transfer food to stomach
        
        Stomach
        
        the protein-digesting enzyme called pepsin.
        hydrochloric acid (HCl), which disrupts the extracellular
        the matrix that binds cells together in meat and plant
        material
        the result of mixing and enzyme action, recently swallowed meal becomes the acidic, nutrient-rich broth known as chyme
        
        Intestine
        
        Duodenum from pancreas and liver and gall bladder.
        
        Pancreas
        
        Amylase(carbohydrate), Trypsin and chymotrypsin,
        proteases, bicarbonate(protien), nuclease(Nucleic acid), lipase(fat).
        
        Liver and gall bladder
        
        Bile: fat emulsification.
      - Absorption
        
        Small Intestine
        
        Highly folded surface, finger like villi, microscopic microvilli.
        
        Passive transport: Facilitated diffusion,e,g sugar.
        Active transport: against concentration gradient, e.g. amino acid
        
        Capillary and veins
        
        Hepatic Portal
        
        1 more item...
        
        Large Intestine
        
        Reclaim water, 90 % .
      - Elimination
        
        Rectum: Storage of feces
        
        Anal .
    - - Enteric Nervous system
        
        Dedicated to the digestive organs regulates digestive events as well as peristalsis in the small and large intestines.
      - Endocrine System
        
        a series of hormones released by the stomach and duodenum help ensure that digestive secretions are present only when needed .e.g. Cholesystokinin,Secretin.
  - - - neurons transmit signals, called nerve impulses, between specific locations in the body. Four types of cells can receive nerve impulses: other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells. Transmission is fast.
- - - - Poikilothem
        
        has a varying body temp.
      - Ectothermic
        
        they gain most of their heat from external sources.
        e.g. amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fishes, and most invertebrates
      - Homeotherm
        
        has a relatively constant body temperature
      - Endothermic
        
        they are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.
        e.g.Birds and mammals
    - - Evaporation
        
        is the removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas
      - Convection
        
        is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
      - Radiation
        
        the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero
      - Conduction
        
        the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in contact with each other