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Sexuality (Steroids --> estrogen / testosteron --> effects on:…

- - - - Rises at puberty
      - Cyclic rise and fall
        --> menstruation
        --> estrous cycle (rats)
      - sharp decrease
        --> menopause (51 years)
        --> reproductive sence (rats 16 month)
    - - brief spike in uterus
      - rises at puberty
      - decline with age
      - Hockey experiment
        --> fans of winning team more testosterone
        --> knew already even body language can change it
- - - - Testosteron
        --> androgens #
        --> AR-A/B receptors
        --> mediated by how many androgen / estrogen receptors
        
        Estradiol (17-beta)
        --> aromatase
        --> binds to ER-alpha/beta receptors
        --> mediated by hormonal level
        
        Dihydrotestosteron (5-alpha)
        --> 5-alpha-reductase
        --> link to human sexuality one of the gene defects where ppl born female then during puberty turn male
  - - - Gprotein / second messenger
        --> enhancing transduction factors (phosphorylation)
        --> Gprotein (guanin diphosphat--> triphosphat) --> adenylate cyclase (also receptor) --> cAMP+ cAM kinase II (phosphorylation [marks channels as active + increases conductivity]--> protein kinase A (PKA) [phosphorylation AMPA receptor +moving available to membrane] --> LATE GENE EXPRESSION: CREB (transcription changes eg. more AMPA receptors and transcriptions of genes)
      - affecting gene transcription directly
        --> binding to receptors in cytoplasm
        -----> directly affecting transcription there
        -----> or traveling into nucleus
        --> binding to receptors in nucleus
        --> eg. estrogen --> stimulates progesteron receptor gene
    - - Gprotein / second messenger
        --> enhancing transduction factors (phosphorylation)
        --> Gprotein (guanin diphosphat--> triphosphat) --> adenylate cyclase (also receptor) --> cAMP+ cAM kinase II (phosphorylation [marks channels as active + increases conductivity]--> protein kinase A (PKA) [phosphorylation AMPA receptor +moving available to membrane] --> LATE GENE EXPRESSION: CREB (transcription changes eg. more AMPA receptors and transcriptions of genes)
  - - - ovulation phase
        --> Estrogen = positive feedback to HPG (kisspeptin)
        --> peak / highest estrogen levels
        --> peak Luteinizing-hormone (LH)
        --> high gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
        
        luteal phase
        --> estrogen + progesteron = negative feedback to HPG (Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone)
        --> high in progesterone and still high estrogen (from high gonadotropin releasing hormone in ovulation phase) [for estrogen =less high than peak at ovulation phase] #
        --> sharp LH decrease
        
        Kisspeptine = depolarizing GnHR neurons in hypothalamus
      - Injection of GnIH in hypothalamus = decrease in LH levels
        --> negative feedback
    - - Gonadotropin release hormone (GnRH)
        --> in hypothalamus
        
        LH + FS from anterior pituitatry
        --> LH stimulates testosteron production (leydig cells)
        
        Testosteron
        --> via leydig cells, via LH
        --> steady level
        
        negative feedback to hypothalamus + pituitary #
- - - - Müllerian inhibiting hormone
        --> 8 to 24 weeks after conception
        --> degenerates Müllerian duct
        --> tesosteron release
        
        Wolfian duct to male accessory sex organs
        --> seminal vesicle, vas deferens, epididymis
    - - NO SRY GENE
        --> wolfian duct degenerates
        --> estrogen
        
        Mullerian duct --> Ovaries, uterus, vagina
  - - - Rats + sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)
        --> next to third ventricle
        --> more neurons in males than females = apperance of buldgin inwards into the third ventricle
        
        castration of males = less neurons there (cause less testosteron--> less estrogen --> less neutrophic factor = more cell degeenration)/ apoptosis
        
        Testosteron to femals = more neurons tehre
        --> cause aromatast to estrogen # #
      - Male rat = estrogen
        --> aromatisation form testosteron
      - Female = not masculinisation cause
        --> alpha- fetaprotein
        
        female if giving to much estrogen = manly brain (many neurons in SND)
        
        cause all free alpha fetaprotein = bound already
        
        binds to estrogen in blood
        
        Missing SNB neurons that would synaps on rat penis
        --> spinal nucleus of bolbocavernous
      - BEcause Testosteron thats converted to estrogen = more neurtophic factor = less cell death = more neurons in SDN # #