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Immunity ( Describe the innate defensive role of macrophages, neutrophils…

- - - - Kupffer cells in the liver
      - histiocytes in connective tissue
      - alveolar macrophages in the lungs
- - - - Tissue injury: Releases mast cell granules
      - Vasodilation: inflammatory mediators increase diameter of local capillaries, increasing blood flow
      - Increased Vascular Permeability: causes leakage into the interstitial space resulting in swelling/ edema
      - Recruitment of Phagocytes: Leukotrienes attract neutrophils
  - - - Lymphocytes and macrophages produce alpha-interferon
      - epithelial cells produce beta-interferon
      - T-lymphocytes produce gamma-interferon
- - - - 3.If MHC‐I and endogenous antigens are displayed on the plasma membrane, T cells proliferate, producing cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells displaying the antigens.
        
        4.If MHC‐II and exogenous antigens are displayed on the plasma membrane, T cells proliferate, producing helper T cells. Helper T cells release interleukins (and other cytokines), which stimulate B cells to produce antibodies that bind to the antigens and stimulate nonspecific agents (NK and macrophages) to destroy the antigens.
- - - - loose collection of cells where hematopoiesis
      - where B cells develop
      - long bones like the femur
    - - Bilobed organ found in the space between the sternum and the aorta of the heart
      - outer region is the cortex, contains thymocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
      - The inner region, the medulla, has the same components in less numbers.
        
        Where thymocytes migrate before leaving the thymus
  - - - filters of the lymph
      - kills bacteria with dendritic cells and macrophages
      - adaptive immune responses mediated by the T and B cells
    - - plumbing with one way semi lunar valves
    - - attached to the lateral border of the stomach via gastrosplenic ligament
      - removes some bacteria but mostly dead and dying red blood cells
      - location of immune responses to blood borne pathogens
    - - lymphoid nodule associated with the nasopharynx
      - developing and immunity to oral pathogens
      - swell when active
      - bacteria is caught in the tonsillar crypts where they are acted upon by numerous lymphoid follicules and eliminated
    - - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
      - aggregate of lymphoid follicles directly associated with the mucous membrane epithelia
      - GI tract (Peyer's patch and other), breast tissue, lungs, eyes
- - - - 3.B cells proliferate and produce plasma cells. The plasma cells bear antibodies with the identical antigen specificity as the antigen receptors of the activated B cells. The antibodies are released and circulate through the body, binding to antigens.
        
        4.B cells produce memory cells. Memory cells provide future immunity.
        
        Upon antigen binding, the memory B cell takes up the antigen through receptor-mediated endocytosis, degrades it, and presents it to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC-II molecules on the cell membrane