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Focus (Perception (vestibular system (signals (vestibulair system,…

- - - - fMRI
        
        activity shifts
        with input changes
  - - - compensatory strategies
    - - vestibulair system
      - proprioception signal
  - - - parietal cortex,
        left hemisphere
  - - - when object is sensed, eye movements are made
        
        thus body and environment change
        
        change is measured
        
        sense inform body
        
        brain predicts constantly
- - - - interpretational bias
    - - behavioral bias
    - - attentional bias
  - - - stressor might
        create anxiety
    - - worsens under
        high stress
    - - worsens under stress
  - - - anxiety influences performance
        
        top-down process decreases due to increased bottom-up processes
        
        top down
        
        focus attention control
        
        bottom up
        
        stimulus driven control
  - - - achieving the goal
        (effect)
    - - the way the goal is achieved
        (process)
- - - - how beautiful s/o is after watching VSFS
    - - self-perception theory
    - - thinking about reasons can disrupt attitude
    - - relation to object change depending on goal
        
        e.g. hunger
    - - determines activation of cognition
      - influence due to misattribution
  - - - context-independent
    - - context-dependent
  - - - stable over
        time and context
    - - flexible
- - - - Gergely
        
        telelogical stance (rationality)
        
        sense of efficiency
        
        understanding of intended goals within actions
        
        evidence:
        
        turning on lamp with hands, when models arms were not
      - James & Bekkering
        
        ideomotor imitation
        
        use of strongest motor connection
        
        evidence:
        
        childrens inability to imitate cross movements
      - Meltzoff
        
        active intermodal mapping
        
        use of saved models of many movements
        
        evidence:
        
        turning on light with the head 3 times
        --> children imitated
    - - increasing attention to object
    - - would prevent new behavior BUT not dominant
      - helps develop empathy
      - no need to rely on trial and error
      - provides higher chances for survival
    - - doing something that's new to repertoire
    - - increasing attention to movement
  - - - cooperation
        
        acting a
        partner's actions
        
        crucial for predicting
        
        crucial for coordination
        
        managing/planning own actions
        
        planning, controlling, inhibition
        
        dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
        
        premotor cortex
        
        frontal brain areas
        
        following actions of partner
        
        mirror neurons
        
        simulation theory
    - - brain areas
        
        temporo parietal junction
        
        distinction btw self & others
        
        connection with degree of self-representation
        
        medial prefrontal cortex
        
        thinking about what others do
        
        superior temporal sulcus
        
        provides for stronger activation in areas for detecting actions
        
        perceives direction of action
      - Sally-Anne Test
    - - Melzhoff
        
        newborns were able to imitate researcher
      - criticism
        
        seems to be coincidence
- - - - compensatory strategies
      - explanation
        
        apperceptive prosopagnosia
        
        perceptual problem,
        disturbed holistic integration
        
        associated prosopagnosia
        
        memory problem,
        disturbed association btw input and memory
        
        brain-physiological
        
        damage in occipital lobe/temporal lobe
        
        genetic deviation in dominant gene
  - - - face recognition
        
        fusi form facearea
      - object recognition
        
        viewpoint independent
      - navigation
        
        dorsal stream
        (dort)
        
        ventral stream
        (what)
- - - - preference
    - - popularity
        
        sociometric popularity
        
        accepted, receive many positive votes
        
        social, nice, avoid confrontations
        
        perceived
        popularity
        
        known, really popular, mentioned by everyone, not necessarily nice
        
        can exhibit prosocial behavior, often aggression
  - - - old sociometric classification
        
        Rejection (negative)
        
        Social preference
        
        Acceptence (positive)
        
        Social impact
      - new sociometric classification
        
        Preference
        
        Getting along
        
        Popularity
        
        Getting ahead
    - - controversial
      - neglected
      - rejected
        
        Self-fulfilling prophecy
        
        Stereotype threat
      - accepted
      - average
- - - - NTs created in nerve cell
        
        NTs stored in vesicles in axon (pre-synapse)
        
        NTs released into synaptic cleft
        
        NTs bind to post-synaptic receptors
      - receptors
        
        metabotropic receptors
        
        change chemical processes,
        able to activate
        ionotropic receptors
        
        ionotropic receptors
      - NTs
        
        agonist
        
        antagonis
    - - function
        
        inhibitory release transmission (pain)
        
        dysfunction:
        
        risk of over excitation,
        might lead to cell death
      - research
      - differences
        
        NTs
        
        lipids
        
        made from cell membrane
        
        created on request
        
        everywhere in body (not vesicles)
        
        large number
        
        many types
        
        endogenous cannabinoid
        
        at nearby receptors, specifically
        
        non in thalamus
        
        exogenous cannabinoid
        
        direction
        
        message travels reverse,
        post-synaptic to
        pre-synapse
      - effect on cognition
  - - - empirical evidence
    - - contra
      - pro
- - - - ontogenic
        aspects
        
        universal
      - phylogenic
        aspects
        
        in all species
    - - Sensitivity to
        info value of CS
      - Sensitivity to
        US devaluation
    - - types
        
        S-S
        
        CS calls expectations about US to occur
        
        after training S-S automatically becomes S-R
        
        S-R
        
        CS and CR directly linked
        
        thus CS directly calls CR
        
        reflexive behavior
      - formation
        
        slowely
        
        gradually
        
        unconsciously
        
        suddenly
        
        all-or-nothing
        
        consciousness
    - - animal
        research
        
        development and modification of anxiety
      - human research
        
        anxiety/
        aversion
        
        anxiety
        disorder
        
        sexual
        arousal
        
        cause, treatment of sexual disorders
        
        hunger/
        eating behavior
        
        eating
        disorders
        
        eyeblinking
        
        dementia
        screening
    - - process
      - phenomenon
      - procedure
    - - skeletal/
        muscle
        
        sign-tracking
        
        auto-shaping
      - motivation/
        emotion
      - cognition
        
        expectations,
        goal tracking
      - ANS
  - - - learning through feedback
        
        ability to cope
        with relevance shift
- - - - MRI
        
        measures magnetic signals, shows gray and white matter
      - DTI
        
        maps fibre lines in brain
    - - direct electrical stimulation DES
        
        stimulates brain area, while patient is awake to map functions of areas
        
        can reveal causal link, manipulation, BUT invasive
      - transcranial magnetic stimulation
        TMS
        
        magnetic impulses influence regions to determine their function
        
        can reveal causality, manipulation, noninvasive,
        BUT restricted depth
    - - post mortem
        
        evaluation of brain damage and association with behavioral deficiencies
        
        can reveal causal link, BUT no manipulation
    - - PET
        
        maps brain functions, measures oxygen content with radioactive tracer
        
        manipulation, noninvasive, good spatial resolution,
        BUT no causality, poor temporal resolution
      - fMRI
        
        measures oxygen consumption with magnetic signals from atoms
        
        manipulation, noninvasive, good spatial resolution,
        BUT no causality, poor temporal resolution
      - EEG
        
        electrical activity of neurons with electrodes on scalp
        
        manipulation, noninvasive, good temporal resolution, BUT no causality, poor spatial resolution
      - MEG
        
        measures magnetic activity of neurons
        
        manipulation, noninvasive, good temporal resolution, BUT no causality, poor spatial resolution
  - - - areas for
        mental images
        
        auditory image
        A
        
        concept image
        C
        
        motor image
        M
      - production
        
        C->M connection
      - understanding
        
        A -> C connection
      - rehearsal
        
        A -> M connection
      - aphesia
    - - arcuate fasciculus
        
        connection btw auditory and motor image
        
        production an repetition use this fibre
      - hub-and-spoke vision on concepts
        
        distinction btw visual images, spokes,supramodal concept representations, hub
      - contains syntax
      - explains production, repetition, understanding of words, phrases, sentences