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Endocrine system (endocrine organs (Pituitary gland (HYPOPHYSIS)…
Endocrine system
endocrine organs
Pituitary gland (HYPOPHYSIS)
connected to hypothalamus
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nice to know
gains weight when having children
structure
anterior lobe
produces
TSH
GH
night time peak
sex steroids
LH
FSH
PRL
ACTH
night time peak
develops from oropharynx ectoderm
pars distalis
endocrine cells
histological staining
types
basophiles
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chromophobes
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acidophils
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immunocytochemical staining
types
somatotrophes
lactotrophes
corticotrophes
gonadotrophes
thyrotrophes
stains with higher intensity
pars intermedia
contains
colloid-filled follicles
function is unknown
separating
pars tuberalis
highly vasculated
veins from
hypothalamohypophyseal system
posterior lobe
pars nervosa
contains
non-myelinated axons
contain secretory vesicles
produces
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Herring bodies
do not form connections with other neurons
soma's are in hypothalamus
products released in pars nervosa
NERVOUS TISSUE
develops from neuroectoderm
infundibulum
tubelike structure
connects to hypothalamus
circulatory system
lobes are connected via portal circulation system
hypothalamus
functions
coordinates endocrine system
feedback system controls
Pineal gland
neuroendocrine organ
location
posterior part of the midbrain
function
secrete
structure
astrocytes
pinealocytes
produce melatonin
circadian rhythm
infertility
body temperature
lower in night time
blood pressure
corpora arenacea
function is not known
contain calcium
used in radiology
using as markers
because location is always the same within one patient
Thyroid gland
structure
cell types
follicular cells
contains colloidal resorption droplets
parafollicular cells
function
thyroglobulin in
thyroid peroxidase oxidates thyroglobulin
iodination
T3
DIT+MIT
OATP enables the hormone enter brain
via BBB
T4
DIT+DIT
converted in liver and kidney
Granula formation
lysosomal pathway
megalin receptor
Blood stream :red_flag:
Parathyroid gland
cell types
darker
principal cells
lighter
oxyphil cells
Subadrenal and adrenal glands
structure
regions
cortex
secrete steroid hormones
mesodermal origin
three zones
zona glomerulosa
mineralokorticoids secretion
cells are making clusters
glomerus like clusters
zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids
kortisol
cells are lining blood vessels
zona reticularis
Gonadocorticoids
some glucocorticoids
anastomizing capillaries
distinguishable
medulla
ganglion cells link
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medullla
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secretes catecholamines
neural crest origin
cell types
Chromaffin cells
synthesize
epinephrine
norepinephrine
ganglion cells
modulating parenchymal cortex
function
hormones
types
lipid-soluble
diffusion through cell membrane
nuclear receptor
steroid membrane receptors
secondary messenger
water-soluble
secondary messenger cascade essential
regulation
feedback response
ultimate secretory product
negative
TSH
positive
oxytocin
stimuli
humoral
acts via bloodstream
glucose
calcium
neural
preganglionic symphatetic medusa cells induce katecholiamines
hormonal stimulus