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global commons (challenges the world faces (climate change, economic…

- - - - international whaling commission 1946- led to most whaling fishing, 1985, southern ocean whale sanctuary 1994- japan, Norway and Iceland opposed- 10 years review. over fishing still a concern
    - - western antarctic ice sheet led to thinning of ice sheets and warming of oceans up to 1 degrees since 1955. effects- distribution of penguin colonies moved, melting of ice led to increase in plant life, decline in krill, glaciers and ice sheets retreating. east Antarctica ice expanding. sea ice very thin by growing and expanding due to increasing winds driving the sea and ice northwards, more rain and snow in the southern ocean leading to ice forming on ocean, increasing melting land ice contributes to more sea ice.
    - - CO2 fossil fuels in atmosphere create carbonic acid, which can make alkaline oceans becomes less alkaline, therefore affect organisms ( corrosive to shells and skeletons and food webs)
    - - minerals are present however, antarctic treaty prohibits mining, however future demands on resources may lead to exploitation in the future.
    - - international association of antarctic tour operators- lays rules down that captains of ship must follow when taking tourist on the shore- limits ships and visits reduce the impacts
    - - SR counts for almost all of the semi permanent population in Antarctica. 30 nations have research bases on Antarctica this global common is multinational lab