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History : Half Term 1 (British Empire (Cape Colony / South Africa…

- - - - More interest in East aka Asia and Africa
    - - American Civil war meant that Cotton wasn't exported to UK, but demand remained high - looked elsewhere
      - Egypt's cotton was good stuff and closer to get
    - - Isma'il Pasha wanted to modernize Egypt
        
        France invested in $$
        
        Changed speed of trade
        
        Britain had to get in quick
        
        Benjamin Disraeli bought Egypt's shares
      - Started to get invested
        
        After insurrection, Britain replaced Tewfiq as a puppet ruler
  - - - Secretary of India
        
        India Council
        
        Viceroy
        
        Indian Civil Service
  - - - Traders had to Stop there to refuel and store
      - Storehouses
    - - Sources
    - - Diamonds
      - Cecil Rhodes
- - - - Alexander III
        
        Repressive! Shifted back to extreme conservatism
        
        Supported by upper classes and Clergy - avoid losing power
        
        Closed Uni's and tried without Jury, Censorship
        
        Alex III manifesto 1881 - placed Pobodonostev
        
        Brought all of Russia under autocratic control - Land Captains & Russification
        
        1882 Land Reforms
        
        Aimed to modernize w/ loans from overseas
        
        Anger, famines 1892-3
      - Nicholas II
        
        1894-1917
        
        Witte undertook social/economic changes
        
        After 1905, opportunity to leave communes
        
        Encouraged peasants to move to Siberia for own land and gov financed farms
        
        Trans-Siberian railway
        
        Character - uninterested and unready for crown - COMPLETELY DEDICATED TO AUTOCRACY
      - Alexander II
        
        More liberal
        
        1861 Emancipation of the serfs
        1864 Introduction of the Zemstvos
        
        Russian defeat in Crimean War forced change form above
        
        Killed by peoples will in 1881
    - - 99% of the population
      - Lived in Serfdom until 1861 - still struggled
      - Ineffective farmers - famines constant
    - - Suddenly changed Tsar's popularity with peasantry
      - Organized protests by workers and small scale mutinies
      - October manifesto calmed some anger
        
        Duma
        
        1906 Fundamental Laws undermined progress
  - - - WW1 caused economic problems and war caused many deaths - unhappiness
        
        Feb 26/27 Tsar lost control of army and revolution overthrew
    - - Inflation up 300%
      - Food shortages - bread lines Feb 19th
    - - Rasputin
        
        Alexandra's strength and lack of attention to lower classes
      - Nicholas' dedication to autocracy
        
        Took control of the army
      - Nicholas not allowing Duma to help with war effort
    - - Much more orgainised than 1905
      - Disillusionment with Tsar from Duma - not trustworthy to revolution
      - Soviets brought organisation
    - - PG and Soviet took over and kept war going
        
        Distracted from social/economic problems
  - - - Armed uprising by people - Bolshevik's not ready to lead and army put it down
        
        PG maintained control and scattered Bolsheviks
    - - Kornilov (general) tried an army uprising
        
        Kerensky armed Petrograd but army never arrived
        
        Bolsheviks able to present themselves as defenders of Petrograd
        
        Prelude to October Revolution